(358,'SHOW AUTHORS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW AUTHORS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW AUTHORS statement displays information about the people who work on\nMariaDB. For each author, it displays Name, Location, and Comment values. All\ncolumns are encoded as latin1.\n\nThese include:\n\n* First the active people in MariaDB are listed.\n* Then the active people in MySQL.\n* Last the people that have contributed to MariaDB/MySQL in the past.\n\nThe order is somewhat related to importance of the contribution given to the\nMariaDB project, but this is not 100% accurate. There is still room for\nimprovement and debate...\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSHOW AUTHORS\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n  Name: Michael (Monty) Widenius\nLocation: Tusby, Finland\n Comment: Lead developer and main author\n*************************** 2. row ***************************\n  Name: Sergei Golubchik\nLocation: Kerpen, Germany\n Comment: Architect, Full-text search, precision math, plugin framework,\nmerges etc\n*************************** 3. row ***************************\n  Name: Igor Babaev\nLocation: Bellevue, USA\n Comment: Optimizer, keycache, core work\n*************************** 4. row ***************************\n  Name: Sergey Petrunia\nLocation: St. Petersburg, Russia\n Comment: Optimizer\n*************************** 5. row ***************************\n  Name: Oleksandr Byelkin\nLocation: Lugansk, Ukraine\n Comment: Query Cache (4.0), Subqueries (4.1), Views (5.0)\n*************************** 6. row ***************************\n  Name: Timour Katchaounov\nLocation: Sofia , Bulgaria\n Comment: Optimizer\n*************************** 7. row ***************************\n  Name: Kristian Nielsen\nLocation: Copenhagen, Denmark\n Comment: Replication, Async client prototocol, General buildbot stuff\n*************************** 8. row ***************************\n  Name: Alexander (Bar) Barkov\nLocation: Izhevsk, Russia\n Comment: Unicode and character sets\n*************************** 9. row ***************************\n  Name: Alexey Botchkov (Holyfoot)\nLocation: Izhevsk, Russia\n Comment: GIS extensions, embedded server, precision math\n*************************** 10. row ***************************\n  Name: Daniel Bartholomew\nLocation: Raleigh, USA\n Comment: MariaDB documentation, Buildbot, releases\n*************************** 11. row ***************************\n  Name: Colin Charles\nLocation: Selangor, Malesia\n Comment: MariaDB documentation, talks at a LOT of conferences\n*************************** 12. row ***************************\n  Name: Sergey Vojtovich\nLocation: Izhevsk, Russia\n Comment: initial implementation of plugin architecture, maintained native\nstorage engines (MyISAM, MEMORY, ARCHIVE, etc), rewrite of table cache\n*************************** 13. row ***************************\n  Name: Vladislav Vaintroub\nLocation: Mannheim, Germany\n Comment: MariaDB Java connector, new thread pool, Windows optimizations\n*************************** 14. row ***************************\n  Name: Elena Stepanova\nLocation: Sankt Petersburg, Russia\n Comment: QA, test cases\n*************************** 15. row ***************************\n  Name: Georg Richter\nLocation: Heidelberg, Germany\n Comment: New LGPL C connector, PHP connector\n*************************** 16. row ***************************\n  Name: Jan Lindström\nLocation: Ylämylly, Finland\n Comment: Working on InnoDB\n*************************** 17. row ***************************\n  Name: Lixun Peng\nLocation: Hangzhou, China\n Comment: Multi Source replication\n*************************** 18. row ***************************\n  Name: Olivier Bertrand\nLocation: Paris, France\n Comment: CONNECT storage engine\n*************************** 19. row ***************************\n  Name: Kentoku Shiba\nLocation: Tokyo, Japan\n Comment: Spider storage engine, metadata_lock_info Information schema\n*************************** 20. row ***************************\n  Name: Percona\nLocation: CA, USA\n Comment: XtraDB, microslow patches, extensions to slow log\n*************************** 21. row ***************************\n  Name: Vicentiu Ciorbaru\nLocation: Bucharest, Romania\n Comment: Roles\n*************************** 22. row ***************************\n  Name: Sudheera Palihakkara\nLocation: \n Comment: PCRE Regular Expressions\n*************************** 23. row ***************************\n  Name: Pavel Ivanov\nLocation: USA\n Comment: Some patches and bug fixes\n*************************** 24. row ***************************\n  Name: Konstantin Osipov\nLocation: Moscow, Russia\n Comment: Prepared statements (4.1), Cursors (5.0), GET_LOCK (10.0)\n*************************** 25. row ***************************\n  Name: Ian Gilfillan\nLocation: South Africa\n Comment: MariaDB documentation\n*************************** 26. row ***************************\n  Name: Federico Razolli\nLocation: Italy\n Comment: MariaDB documentation Italian translation\n*************************** 27. row ***************************\n  Name: Guilhem Bichot\nLocation: Bordeaux, France\n Comment: Replication (since 4.0)\n*************************** 28. row ***************************\n  Name: Andrei Elkin\nLocation: Espoo, Finland\n Comment: Replication\n*************************** 29. row ***************************\n  Name: Dmitri Lenev\nLocation: Moscow, Russia\n Comment: Time zones support (4.1), Triggers (5.0)\n*************************** 30. row ***************************\n  Name: Marc Alff\nLocation: Denver, CO, USA\n Comment: Signal, Resignal, Performance schema\n*************************** 31. row ***************************\n  Name: Mikael Ronström\nLocation: Stockholm, Sweden\n Comment: NDB Cluster, Partitioning, online alter table\n*************************** 32. row ***************************\n  Name: Ingo Strüwing\nLocation: Berlin, Germany\n Comment: Bug fixing in MyISAM, Merge tables etc\n*************************** 33. row ***************************\n  Name: Marko Mäkelä\nLocation: Helsinki, Finland\n Comment: InnoDB core developer\n...\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-authors/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-authors/'),(362,'SHOW CLIENT_STATISTICS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW CLIENT_STATISTICS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW CLIENT_STATISTICS statement is part of the User Statistics feature.\nIt was removed as a separate statement in MariaDB 10.1.1, but effectively\nreplaced by the generic SHOW information_schema_table statement. The\ninformation_schema.CLIENT_STATISTICS table holds statistics about client\nconnections.\n\nThe userstat system variable must be set to 1 to activate this feature. See\nthe User Statistics and information_schema.CLIENT_STATISTICS articles for more\ninformation.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSHOW CLIENT_STATISTICS\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n        Client: localhost\n  Total_connections: 35\nConcurrent_connections: 0\n    Connected_time: 708\n      Busy_time: 2.5557979999999985\n       Cpu_time: 0.04123740000000002\n    Bytes_received: 3883\n      Bytes_sent: 21595\n Binlog_bytes_written: 0\n      Rows_read: 18\n      Rows_sent: 115\n     Rows_deleted: 0\n    Rows_inserted: 0\n     Rows_updated: 0\n   Select_commands: 70\n   Update_commands: 0\n    Other_commands: 0\n Commit_transactions: 1\n Rollback_transactions: 0\n  Denied_connections: 0\n   Lost_connections: 0\n    Access_denied: 0\n    Empty_queries: 35\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-client-statistics/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-client-statistics/'),(363,'SHOW CONTRIBUTORS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW CONTRIBUTORS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW CONTRIBUTORS statement displays information about the companies and\npeople who financially contribute to MariaDB. For each contributor, it\ndisplays Name, Location, and Comment values. All columns are encoded as latin1.\n\nIt displays all members and sponsors of the MariaDB Foundation as well as\nother financial contributors.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSHOW CONTRIBUTORS;\n+---------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------\n------------------------------------+\n| Name                | Location                      | Comment               \n                  |\n+---------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------\n------------------------------------+\n| Alibaba Cloud       | https://www.alibabacloud.com/ | Platinum Sponsor of\nthe MariaDB Foundation                  |\n| Tencent Cloud       | https://cloud.tencent.com     | Platinum Sponsor of\nthe MariaDB Foundation                  |\n| Microsoft           | https://microsoft.com/        | Platinum Sponsor of\nthe MariaDB Foundation                  |\n| MariaDB Corporation | https://mariadb.com           | Founding member,\nPlatinum Sponsor of the MariaDB Foundation |\n| ServiceNow          | https://servicenow.com        | Platinum Sponsor of\nthe MariaDB Foundation                  |\n| Intel               | https://www.intel.com         | Platinum Sponsor of\nthe MariaDB Foundation                  |\n| SIT                 | https://sit.org               | Platinum Sponsor of\nthe MariaDB Foundation                  |\n| Visma               | https://visma.com             | Gold Sponsor of the\nMariaDB Foundation                      |\n| DBS                 | https://dbs.com               | Gold Sponsor of the\nMariaDB Foundation                      |\n| IBM                 | https://www.ibm.com           | Gold Sponsor of the\nMariaDB Foundation                      |\n| Automattic          | https://automattic.com        | Silver Sponsor of the\nMariaDB Foundation                    |\n| Percona             | https://www.percona.com/      | Sponsor of the MariaDB\nFoundation                           |\n| Galera Cluster      | https://galeracluster.com     | Sponsor of the MariaDB\nFoundation                           |\n| Google              | USA                           | Sponsoring encryption,\nparallel replication and GTID        |\n| Facebook            | USA                           | Sponsoring\nnon-blocking API, LIMIT ROWS EXAMINED etc        |\n| Ronald Bradford     | Brisbane, Australia           | EFF contribution for\nUC2006 Auction                         |\n| Sheeri Kritzer      | Boston, Mass. USA             | EFF contribution for\nUC2006 Auction                         |\n| Mark Shuttleworth   | London, UK.                   | EFF contribution for\nUC2006 Auction                         |\n+---------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------\n------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-contributors/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-contributors/'),(364,'SHOW CREATE DATABASE',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE {DATABASE | SCHEMA} db_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nShows the CREATE DATABASE statement that creates the given database. SHOW\nCREATE SCHEMA is a synonym for SHOW CREATE DATABASE. SHOW CREATE DATABASE\nquotes database names according to the value of the sql_quote_show_create\nserver system variable.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW CREATE DATABASE test;\n+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Database | Create Database                                                 |\n+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| test     | CREATE DATABASE `test` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */ |\n+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSHOW CREATE SCHEMA test;\n+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Database | Create Database                                                 |\n+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| test     | CREATE DATABASE `test` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */ |\n+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nWith sql_quote_show_create off:\n\nSHOW CREATE DATABASE test;\n+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Database | Create Database                                               |\n+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| test     | CREATE DATABASE test /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */ |\n+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nWith a comment, from MariaDB 10.5:\n\nSHOW CREATE DATABASE p;\n+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------\n------------------+\n| Database | Create Database                                                  \n         |\n+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------\n------------------+\n| p        | CREATE DATABASE `p` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */\nCOMMENT \'presentations\' |\n+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------\n------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-database/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-database/'),(365,'SHOW CREATE EVENT',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE EVENT event_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement displays the CREATE EVENT statement needed to re-create a given\nevent, as well as the SQL_MODE that was used when the trigger has been created\nand the character set used by the connection. To find out which events are\npresent, use SHOW EVENTS.\n\nThe output of this statement is unreliably affected by the\nsql_quote_show_create server system variable - see\nhttp://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=12719\n\nThe information_schema.EVENTS table provides similar, but more complete,\ninformation.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW CREATE EVENT test.e_daily\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n       Event: e_daily\n      sql_mode:\n     time_zone: SYSTEM\n    Create Event: CREATE EVENT `e_daily`\n            ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 DAY\n            STARTS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 6 HOUR\n            ON COMPLETION NOT PRESERVE\n            ENABLE\n            COMMENT \'Saves total number of sessions then\n                clears the table each day\'\n            DO BEGIN\n             INSERT INTO site_activity.totals (time, total)\n              SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, COUNT(*)\n              FROM site_activity.sessions;\n             DELETE FROM site_activity.sessions;\n            END\ncharacter_set_client: latin1\ncollation_connection: latin1_swedish_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-event/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-event/'),(366,'SHOW CREATE FUNCTION',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE FUNCTION func_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement is similar to SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE but for stored functions.\n\nThe output of this statement is unreliably affected by the\nsql_quote_show_create server system variable - see\nhttp://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=12719\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSHOW CREATE FUNCTION VatCents\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n      Function: VatCents\n      sql_mode:\n  Create Function: CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` FUNCTION\n`VatCents`(price DECIMAL(10,2)) RETURNS int(11)\n  DETERMINISTIC\nBEGIN\n DECLARE x INT;\n SET x = price * 114;\n RETURN x;\nEND\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-function/'),(367,'SHOW CREATE PACKAGE',26,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.5\n----------------------------\nOracle-style packages were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.5.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE PACKAGE  [ db_name . ] package_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW CREATE PACKAGE statement can be used when Oracle SQL_MODE is set.\n\nShows the CREATE statement that creates the given package specification.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW CREATE PACKAGE employee_tools\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n      Package: employee_tools\n      sql_mode:\nPIPES_AS_CONCAT,ANSI_QUOTES,IGNORE_SPACE,ORACLE,NO_KEY_OPTIONS,NO_TABLE_OPTIONS\nNO_FIELD_OPTIONS,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER\n   Create Package: CREATE DEFINER=\"root\"@\"localhost\" PACKAGE\n\"employee_tools\" AS\n FUNCTION getSalary(eid INT) RETURN DECIMAL(10,2);\n PROCEDURE raiseSalary(eid INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2));\n PROCEDURE raiseSalaryStd(eid INT);\n PROCEDURE hire(ename TEXT, esalary DECIMAL(10,2));\nEND\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-package/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-package/'),(368,'SHOW CREATE PACKAGE BODY',26,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.5\n----------------------------\nOracle-style packages were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.5.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE PACKAGE BODY  [ db_name . ] package_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW CREATE PACKAGE BODY statement can be used when Oracle SQL_MODE is set.\n\nShows the CREATE statement that creates the given package body (i.e. the\nimplementation).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW CREATE PACKAGE BODY employee_tools\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n    Package body: employee_tools\n      sql_mode:\nPIPES_AS_CONCAT,ANSI_QUOTES,IGNORE_SPACE,ORACLE,NO_KEY_OPTIONS,NO_TABLE_OPTIONS\nNO_FIELD_OPTIONS,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER\n Create Package Body: CREATE DEFINER=\"root\"@\"localhost\" PACKAGE BODY\n\"employee_tools\" AS\n\nstdRaiseAmount DECIMAL(10,2):=500;\n\nPROCEDURE log (eid INT, ecmnt TEXT) AS\n BEGIN\n  INSERT INTO employee_log (id, cmnt) VALUES (eid, ecmnt);\n END;\n\nPROCEDURE hire(ename TEXT, esalary DECIMAL(10,2)) AS\n  eid INT;\n BEGIN\n  INSERT INTO employee (name, salary) VALUES (ename, esalary);\n  eid:= last_insert_id();\n  log(eid, \'hire \' || ename);\n END;\n\nFUNCTION getSalary(eid INT) RETURN DECIMAL(10,2) AS\n  nSalary DECIMAL(10,2);\n BEGIN\n  SELECT salary INTO nSalary FROM employee WHERE id=eid;\n  log(eid, \'getSalary id=\' || eid || \' salary=\' || nSalary);\n  RETURN nSalary;\n END;\n\nPROCEDURE raiseSalary(eid INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2)) AS\n BEGIN\n  UPDATE employee SET salary=salary+amount WHERE id=eid;\n  log(eid, \'raiseSalary id=\' || eid || \' amount=\' || amount);\n END;\n\nPROCEDURE raiseSalaryStd(eid INT) AS\n BEGIN\n  raiseSalary(eid, stdRaiseAmount);\n  log(eid, \'raiseSalaryStd id=\' || eid);\n END;\n\nBEGIN  \n log(0, \'Session \' || connection_id() || \' \' || current_user || \' started\');\nEND\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-package-body/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-package-body/'),(369,'SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE PROCEDURE proc_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement is a MariaDB extension. It returns the exact string that can be\nused to re-create the named stored procedure, as well as the SQL_MODE that was\nused when the trigger has been created and the character set used by the\nconnection.. A similar statement, SHOW CREATE FUNCTION, displays information\nabout stored functions.\n\nBoth statements require that you are the owner of the routine or have the\nSELECT privilege on the mysql.proc table. When neither is true, the statements\ndisplay NULL for the Create Procedure or Create Function field.\n\nWarning Users with SELECT privileges on mysql.proc or USAGE privileges on *.*\ncan view the text of routines, even when they do not have privileges for the\nfunction or procedure itself.\n\nThe output of these statements is unreliably affected by the\nsql_quote_show_create server system variable - see\nhttp://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=12719\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nHere\'s a comparison of the SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE and SHOW CREATE FUNCTION\nstatements.\n\nSHOW CREATE PROCEDURE test.simpleproc\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     Procedure: simpleproc\n      sql_mode:\n  Create Procedure: CREATE PROCEDURE `simpleproc`(OUT param1 INT)\n           BEGIN\n           SELECT COUNT(*) INTO param1 FROM t;\n           END\ncharacter_set_client: latin1\ncollation_connection: latin1_swedish_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nSHOW CREATE FUNCTION test.hello\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n      Function: hello\n      sql_mode:\n  Create Function: CREATE FUNCTION `hello`(s CHAR(20))\n           RETURNS CHAR(50)\n           RETURN CONCAT(\'Hello, \',s,\'!\')\ncharacter_set_client: latin1\ncollation_connection: latin1_swedish_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nWhen the user issuing the statement does not have privileges on the routine,\nattempting to CALL the procedure raises Error 1370.\n\nCALL test.prc1();\nError 1370 (42000): execute command denieed to user \'test_user\'@\'localhost\'\nfor routine \'test\'.\'prc1\'\n\nIf the user neither has privilege to the routine nor the SELECT privilege on\nmysql.proc table, it raises Error 1305, informing them that the procedure does\nnot exist.\n\nSHOW CREATE TABLES test.prc1\\G\nError 1305 (42000): PROCEDURE prc1 does not exist\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-procedure/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-procedure/'),(370,'SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE',26,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.1\n----------------------------\nSequences were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name;\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nShows the CREATE SEQUENCE statement that created the given sequence. The\nstatement requires the SELECT privilege for the table.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE s1 START WITH 50;\nSHOW CREATE SEQUENCE s1\\G;\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n   Table: s1\nCreate Table: CREATE SEQUENCE `s1` start with 50 minvalue 1 maxvalue\n9223372036854775806 \n increment by 1 cache 1000 nocycle ENGINE=InnoDB\n\nNotes\n-----\n\nIf you want to see the underlying table structure used for the SEQUENCE you\ncan use SHOW CREATE TABLE on the SEQUENCE. You can also use SELECT to read the\ncurrent recorded state of the SEQUENCE:\n\nSHOW CREATE TABLE s1\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n   Table: s1\nCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `s1` (\n `next_not_cached_value` bigint(21) NOT NULL,\n `minimum_value` bigint(21) NOT NULL,\n `maximum_value` bigint(21) NOT NULL,\n `start_value` bigint(21) NOT NULL COMMENT \'start value when sequences is\ncreated \n  or value if RESTART is used\',\n `increment` bigint(21) NOT NULL COMMENT \'increment value\',\n `cache_size` bigint(21) unsigned NOT NULL,\n `cycle_option` tinyint(1) unsigned NOT NULL COMMENT \'0 if no cycles are\nallowed, \n  1 if the sequence should begin a new cycle when maximum_value is passed\',\n `cycle_count` bigint(21) NOT NULL COMMENT \'How many cycles have been done\'\n) ENGINE=InnoDB SEQUENCE=1\n\nSELECT * FROM s1\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nnext_not_cached_value: 50\n    minimum_value: 1\n    maximum_value: 9223372036854775806\n     start_value: 50\n      increment: 1\n     cache_size: 1000\n    cycle_option: 0\n     cycle_count: 0\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-sequence/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-sequence/'),(371,'SHOW CREATE TRIGGER',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement shows a CREATE TRIGGER statement that creates the given\ntrigger, as well as the SQL_MODE that was used when the trigger has been\ncreated and the character set used by the connection.\n\nThe output of this statement is unreliably affected by the\nsql_quote_show_create server system variable - see\nhttp://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=12719\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW CREATE TRIGGER example\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n       Trigger: example\n       sql_mode:\nONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,STRICT_ALL_TABLES\n,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO\n\nENGINE_SUBSTITUTION\nSQL Original Statement: CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` TRIGGER example\nBEFORE\n INSERT ON t FOR EACH ROW\nBEGIN\n    SET NEW.c = NEW.c * 2;\nEND\n character_set_client: cp850\n collation_connection: cp850_general_ci\n Database Collation: utf8_general_ci\n Created: 2016-09-29 13:53:34.35\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.2.3\n----------------------------\nThe Created column was added in MySQL 5.7 and MariaDB 10.2.3 as part of\nintroducing multiple trigger events per action.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-trigger/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-trigger/'),(372,'SHOW CREATE VIEW',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW CREATE VIEW view_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement shows a CREATE VIEW statement that creates the given view, as\nwell as the character set used by the connection when the view was created.\nThis statement also works with views.\n\nSHOW CREATE VIEW quotes table, column and stored function names according to\nthe value of the sql_quote_show_create server system variable.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW CREATE VIEW example\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n        View: example\n    Create View: CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` SQL\nSECURITY DEFINER VIEW `example` AS (select `t`.`id` AS `id`,`t`.`s` AS `s` from\n`t`)\ncharacter_set_client: cp850\ncollation_connection: cp850_general_ci\n\nWith sql_quote_show_create off:\n\nSHOW CREATE VIEW example\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n        View: example\n    Create View: CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=root@localhost SQL\nSECU\nRITY DEFINER VIEW example AS (select t.id AS id,t.s AS s from t)\ncharacter_set_client: cp850\ncollation_connection: cp850_general_ci\n\nGrants\n------\n\nTo be able to see a view, you need to have the SHOW VIEW and the SELECT\nprivilege on the view:\n\nGRANT SHOW VIEW,SELECT ON test_database.test_view TO \'test\'@\'localhost\';\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-view/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-create-view/'),(373,'SHOW DATABASES',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW {DATABASES | SCHEMAS}\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW DATABASES lists the databases on the MariaDB server host. SHOW SCHEMAS is\na synonym for SHOW DATABASES. The LIKE clause, if present on its own,\nindicates which database names to match. The WHERE and LIKE clauses can be\ngiven to select rows using more general conditions, as discussed in Extended\nSHOW.\n\nYou see only those databases for which you have some kind of privilege, unless\nyou have the global SHOW DATABASES privilege. You can also get this list using\nthe mysqlshow command.\n\nIf the server was started with the --skip-show-database option, you cannot use\nthis statement at all unless you have the SHOW DATABASES privilege.\n\nThe list of results returned by SHOW DATABASES is based on directories in the\ndata directory, which is how MariaDB implements databases. It\'s possible that\noutput includes directories that do not correspond to actual databases.\n\nThe Information Schema SCHEMATA table also contains database information.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW DATABASES;\n+--------------------+\n| Database           |\n+--------------------+\n| information_schema |\n| mysql              |\n| performance_schema |\n| test               |\n+--------------------+\n\nSHOW DATABASES LIKE \'m%\';\n+---------------+\n| Database (m%) |\n+---------------+\n| mysql         |\n+---------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-databases/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-databases/'),(376,'SHOW ENGINES',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW [STORAGE] ENGINES\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW ENGINES displays status information about the server\'s storage engines.\nThis is particularly useful for checking whether a storage engine is\nsupported, or to see what the default engine is. SHOW TABLE TYPES is a\ndeprecated synonym.\n\nThe information_schema.ENGINES table provides the same information.\n\nSince storage engines are plugins, different information about them is also\nshown in the information_schema.PLUGINS table and by the SHOW PLUGINS\nstatement.\n\nNote that both MySQL\'s InnoDB and Percona\'s XtraDB replacement are labeled as\nInnoDB. However, if XtraDB is in use, it will be specified in the COMMENT\nfield. See XtraDB and InnoDB. The same applies to FederatedX.\n\nThe output consists of the following columns:\n\n* Engine indicates the engine\'s name.\n* Support indicates whether the engine is installed, and whether it is the\ndefault engine for the current session.\n* Comment is a brief description.\n* Transactions, XA and Savepoints indicate whether transactions, XA\ntransactions and transaction savepoints are supported by the engine.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW ENGINES\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n   Engine: InnoDB\n  Support: DEFAULT\n  Comment: Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys\nTransactions: YES\n     XA: YES\n Savepoints: YES\n*************************** 2. row ***************************\n   Engine: CSV\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: CSV storage engine\nTransactions: NO\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: NO\n*************************** 3. row ***************************\n   Engine: MyISAM\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: MyISAM storage engine\nTransactions: NO\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: NO\n*************************** 4. row ***************************\n   Engine: BLACKHOLE\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears)\nTransactions: NO\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: NO\n*************************** 5. row ***************************\n   Engine: FEDERATED\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: FederatedX pluggable storage engine\nTransactions: YES\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: YES\n*************************** 6. row ***************************\n   Engine: MRG_MyISAM\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: Collection of identical MyISAM tables\nTransactions: NO\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: NO\n*************************** 7. row ***************************\n   Engine: ARCHIVE\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: Archive storage engine\nTransactions: NO\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: NO\n*************************** 8. row ***************************\n   Engine: MEMORY\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables\nTransactions: NO\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: NO\n*************************** 9. row ***************************\n   Engine: PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: Performance Schema\nTransactions: NO\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: NO\n*************************** 10. row ***************************\n   Engine: Aria\n  Support: YES\n  Comment: Crash-safe tables with MyISAM heritage\nTransactions: NO\n     XA: NO\n Savepoints: NO\n10 rows in set (0.00 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-engines/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-engines/'),(374,'SHOW ENGINE',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW ENGINE engine_name {STATUS | MUTEX}\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW ENGINE displays operational information about a storage engine. The\nfollowing statements currently are supported:\n\nSHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS\nSHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX\nSHOW ENGINE PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA STATUS\nSHOW ENGINE ROCKSDB STATUS\n\nIf the Sphinx Storage Engine is installed, the following is also supported:\n\nSHOW ENGINE SPHINX STATUS\n\nSee SHOW ENGINE SPHINX STATUS.\n\nOlder (and now removed) synonyms were SHOW INNODB STATUS for SHOW ENGINE\nINNODB STATUS and SHOW MUTEX STATUS for SHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX.\n\nSHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS\n-------------------------\n\nSHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS displays extensive information from the standard\nInnoDB Monitor about the state of the InnoDB storage engine. See SHOW ENGINE\nINNODB STATUS for more.\n\nSHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX\n------------------------\n\nSHOW ENGINE INNODB MUTEX displays InnoDB mutex statistics.\n\nThe statement displays the following output fields:\n\n* Type: Always InnoDB.\n* Name: The source file where the mutex is implemented, and the line number\n in the file where the mutex is created. The line number is dependent on the\nMariaDB version.\n* Status: This field displays the following values if UNIV_DEBUG was defined\nat compilation time (for example, in include/univ.h in the InnoDB part of the\nsource tree). Only the os_waits value is displayed if UNIV_DEBUG was not\ndefined. Without UNIV_DEBUG, the information on which the output is based is\ninsufficient to distinguish regular mutexes and mutexes that protect\n rw-locks (which allow multiple readers or a single writer). Consequently, the\n output may appear to contain multiple rows for the same mutex.\ncount indicates how many times the mutex was requested.\nspin_waits indicates how many times the spinlock had to run.\nspin_rounds indicates the number of spinlock rounds. (spin_rounds divided by\n spin_waits provides the average round count.)\nos_waits indicates the number of operating system waits. This occurs when\n the spinlock did not work (the mutex was not locked during the spinlock and\n it was necessary to yield to the operating system and wait).\nos_yields indicates the number of times a the thread trying to lock a mutex\n gave up its timeslice and yielded to the operating system (on the\n presumption that allowing other threads to run will free the mutex so that\n it can be locked).\nos_wait_times indicates the amount of time (in ms) spent in operating system\n waits, if the timed_mutexes system variable is 1 (ON). If timed_mutexes is 0\n (OFF), timing is disabled, so os_wait_times is 0. timed_mutexes is off by\n default.\n\nInformation from this statement can be used to diagnose system problems. For\nexample, large values of spin_waits and spin_rounds may indicate scalability\nproblems.\n\nThe information_schema.INNODB_MUTEXES table provides similar information.\n\nSHOW ENGINE PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA STATUS\n-------------------------------------\n\nThis statement shows how much memory is used for performance_schema tables and\ninternal buffers.\n\nThe output contains the following fields:\n\n* Type: Always performance_schema.\n* Name: The name of a table, the name of an internal buffer, or the\nperformance_schema word, followed by a dot and an attribute. Internal buffers\nnames are enclosed by parenthesis. performance_schema means that the attribute\nrefers to the whole database (it is a total). \n* Status: The value for the attribute.\n\nThe following attributes are shown, in this order, for all tables:\n\n* row_size: The memory used for an individual record. This value will never\nchange.\n* row_count: The number of rows in the table or buffer. For some tables, this\nvalue depends on a server system variable.\n* memory: For tables and performance_schema, this is the result of row_size *\nrow_count.\n\nFor internal buffers, the attributes are:\n\n* count\n* size\n\nSHOW ENGINE ROCKSDB STATUS\n--------------------------\n\nSee also MyRocks Performance Troubleshooting\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-engine/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-engine/'),(377,'SHOW ERRORS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW ERRORS [LIMIT [offset,] row_count]\nSHOW ERRORS [LIMIT row_count OFFSET offset]\nSHOW COUNT(*) ERRORS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement is similar to SHOW WARNINGS, except that instead of displaying\nerrors, warnings, and notes, it displays only errors.\n\nThe LIMIT clause has the same syntax as for the SELECT statement.\n\nThe SHOW COUNT(*) ERRORS statement displays the number of errors. You can also\nretrieve this number from the error_count variable.\n\nSHOW COUNT(*) ERRORS;\nSELECT @@error_count;\n\nThe value of error_count might be greater than the number of messages\ndisplayed by SHOW WARNINGS if the max_error_count system variable is set so\nlow that not all messages are stored.\n\nFor a list of MariaDB error codes, see MariaDB Error Codes.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT f();\nERROR 1305 (42000): FUNCTION f does not exist\n\nSHOW COUNT(*) ERRORS;\n+-----------------------+\n| @@session.error_count |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     1 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nSHOW ERRORS;\n+-------+------+---------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                   |\n+-------+------+---------------------------+\n| Error | 1305 | FUNCTION f does not exist |\n+-------+------+---------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-errors/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-errors/'),(375,'SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS',26,'SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS is a specific form of the SHOW ENGINE statement that\ndisplays the InnoDB Monitor output, which is extensive InnoDB information\nwhich can be useful in diagnosing problems.\n\nThe following sections are displayed\n\n* Status: Shows the timestamp, monitor name and the number of seconds, or the\nelapsed time between the current time and the time the InnoDB Monitor output\nwas last displayed. The per-second averages are based upon this time.\n* BACKGROUND THREAD: srv_master_thread lines show work performed by the main\nbackground thread.\n* SEMAPHORES: Threads waiting for a semaphore and stats on how the number of\ntimes threads have needed a spin or a wait on a mutex or rw-lock semaphore. If\nthis number of threads is large, there may be I/O or contention issues.\nReducing the size of the innodb_thread_concurrency system variable may help if\ncontention is related to thread scheduling. Spin rounds per wait shows the\nnumber of spinlock rounds per OS wait for a mutex. \n* LATEST FOREIGN KEY ERROR: Only shown if there has been a foreign key\nconstraint error, it displays the failed statement and information about the\nconstraint and the related tables.\n* LATEST DETECTED DEADLOCK: Only shown if there has been a deadlock, it\ndisplays the transactions involved in the deadlock and the statements being\nexecuted, held and required locked and the transaction rolled back to.\n* TRANSACTIONS: The output of this section can help identify lock contention,\nas well as reasons for the deadlocks.\n* FILE I/O: InnoDB thread information as well as pending I/O operations and\nI/O performance statistics.\n* INSERT BUFFER AND ADAPTIVE HASH INDEX: InnoDB insert buffer (old name for\nthe change buffer) and adaptive hash index status information, including the\nnumber of each type of operation performed, and adaptive hash index\nperformance.\n* LOG: InnoDB log information, including current log sequence number, how far\nthe log has been flushed to disk, the position at which InnoDB last took a\ncheckpoint, pending writes and write performance statistics.\n* BUFFER POOL AND MEMORY: Information on buffer pool pages read and written,\nwhich allows you to see the number of data file I/O operations performed by\nyour queries. See InnoDB Buffer Pool for more. Similar information is also\navailable from the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS table.\n* ROW OPERATIONS:Information about the main thread, including the number and\nperformance rate for each type of row operation.\n\nIf the innodb_status_output_locks system variable is set to 1, extended lock\ninformation will be displayed.\n\nExample output:\n\n=====================================\n2019-09-06 12:44:13 0x7f93cc236700 INNODB MONITOR OUTPUT\n=====================================\nPer second averages calculated from the last 4 seconds\n-----------------\nBACKGROUND THREAD\n-----------------\nsrv_master_thread loops: 2 srv_active, 0 srv_shutdown, 83698 srv_idle\nsrv_master_thread log flush and writes: 83682\n----------\nSEMAPHORES\n----------\nOS WAIT ARRAY INFO: reservation count 15\nOS WAIT ARRAY INFO: signal count 8\nRW-shared spins 0, rounds 20, OS waits 7\nRW-excl spins 0, rounds 0, OS waits 0\nRW-sx spins 0, rounds 0, OS waits 0\nSpin rounds per wait: 20.00 RW-shared, 0.00 RW-excl, 0.00 RW-sx\n------------\nTRANSACTIONS\n------------\nTrx id counter 236\nPurge done for trx\'s n:o < 236 undo n:o < 0 state: running\nHistory list length 22\nLIST OF TRANSACTIONS FOR EACH SESSION:\n---TRANSACTION 421747401994584, not started\n0 lock struct(s), heap size 1136, 0 row lock(s)\n---TRANSACTION 421747401990328, not started\n0 lock struct(s), heap size 1136, 0 row lock(s)\n--------\nFILE I/O\n--------\nI/O thread 0 state: waiting for completed aio requests (insert buffer thread)\nI/O thread 1 state: waiting for completed aio requests (log thread)\nI/O thread 2 state: waiting for completed aio requests (read thread)\nI/O thread 3 state: waiting for completed aio requests (read thread)\nI/O thread 4 state: waiting for completed aio requests (read thread)\nI/O thread 5 state: waiting for completed aio requests (read thread)\nI/O thread 6 state: waiting for completed aio requests (write thread)\nI/O thread 7 state: waiting for completed aio requests (write thread)\nI/O thread 8 state: waiting for completed aio requests (write thread)\nI/O thread 9 state: waiting for completed aio requests (write thread)\nPending normal aio reads: [0, 0, 0, 0] , aio writes: [0, 0, 0, 0] ,\n ibuf aio reads:, log i/o\'s:, sync i/o\'s:\nPending flushes (fsync) log: 0; buffer pool: 0\n286 OS file reads, 171 OS file writes, 22 OS fsyncs\n0.00 reads/s, 0 avg bytes/read, 0.00 writes/s, 0.00 fsyncs/s\n-------------------------------------\nINSERT BUFFER AND ADAPTIVE HASH INDEX\n-------------------------------------\nIbuf: size 1, free list len 0, seg size 2, 0 merges\nmerged operations:\n insert 0, delete mark 0, delete 0\ndiscarded operations:\n insert 0, delete mark 0, delete 0\nHash table size 34679, node heap has 0 buffer(s)\nHash table size 34679, node heap has 0 buffer(s)\nHash table size 34679, node heap has 0 buffer(s)\nHash table size 34679, node heap has 0 buffer(s)\nHash table size 34679, node heap has 0 buffer(s)\nHash table size 34679, node heap has 0 buffer(s)\nHash table size 34679, node heap has 0 buffer(s)\nHash table size 34679, node heap has 0 buffer(s)\n0.00 hash searches/s, 0.00 non-hash searches/s\n---\nLOG\n---\nLog sequence number 445926\nLog flushed up to   445926\nPages flushed up to 445926\nLast checkpoint at  445917\n0 pending log flushes, 0 pending chkp writes\n18 log i/o\'s done, 0.00 log i/o\'s/second\n----------------------\nBUFFER POOL AND MEMORY\n----------------------\nTotal large memory allocated 167772160\nDictionary memory allocated 50768\nBuffer pool size   8012\nFree buffers       7611\nDatabase pages     401\nOld database pages 0\nModified db pages  0\nPercent of dirty pages(LRU & free pages): 0.000\nMax dirty pages percent: 75.000\nPending reads 0\nPending writes: LRU 0, flush list 0, single page 0\nPages made young 0, not young 0\n0.00 youngs/s, 0.00 non-youngs/s\nPages read 264, created 137, written 156\n0.00 reads/s, 0.00 creates/s, 0.00 writes/s\nNo buffer pool page gets since the last printout\nPages read ahead 0.00/s, evicted without access 0.00/s, Random read ahead\n0.00/s\nLRU len: 401, unzip_LRU len: 0\nI/O sum[0]:cur[0], unzip sum[0]:cur[0]\n--------------\nROW OPERATIONS\n--------------\n0 queries inside InnoDB, 0 queries in queue\n0 read views open inside InnoDB\nProcess ID=4267, Main thread ID=140272021272320, state: sleeping\nNumber of rows inserted 1, updated 0, deleted 0, read 1\n0.00 inserts/s, 0.00 updates/s, 0.00 deletes/s, 0.00 reads/s\nNumber of system rows inserted 0, updated 0, deleted 0, read 0\n0.00 inserts/s, 0.00 updates/s, 0.00 deletes/s, 0.00 reads/s\n----------------------------\nEND OF INNODB MONITOR OUTPUT\n============================\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-engine-innodb-status/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-engine-innodb-status/'),(378,'SHOW EVENTS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW EVENTS [{FROM | IN} schema_name]\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nShows information about Event Manager events (created with CREATE EVENT).\nRequires the EVENT privilege. Without any arguments, SHOW EVENTS lists all of\nthe events in the current schema:\n\nSELECT CURRENT_USER(), SCHEMA();\n+----------------+----------+\n| CURRENT_USER() | SCHEMA() |\n+----------------+----------+\n| jon@ghidora    | myschema |\n+----------------+----------+\n\nSHOW EVENTS\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n         Db: myschema\n        Name: e_daily\n      Definer: jon@ghidora\n     Time zone: SYSTEM\n        Type: RECURRING\n     Execute at: NULL\n   Interval value: 10\n   Interval field: SECOND\n       Starts: 2006-02-09 10:41:23\n        Ends: NULL\n       Status: ENABLED\n     Originator: 0\ncharacter_set_client: latin1\ncollation_connection: latin1_swedish_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nTo see the event action, use SHOW CREATE EVENT instead, or look at the\ninformation_schema.EVENTS table.\n\nTo see events for a specific schema, use the FROM clause. For example, to see\nevents for the test schema, use the following statement:\n\nSHOW EVENTS FROM test;\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present, indicates which event names to match. The WHERE\nclause can be given to select rows using more general conditions, as discussed\nin Extended Show.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-events/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-events/'),(379,'SHOW FUNCTION STATUS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW FUNCTION STATUS\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement is similar to SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS but for stored functions.\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present on its own, indicates which function names to\nmatch.\n\nThe WHERE and LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general\nconditions, as discussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nThe information_schema.ROUTINES table contains more detailed information.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nShowing all stored functions:\n\nSHOW FUNCTION STATUS\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n         Db: test\n        Name: VatCents\n        Type: FUNCTION\n      Definer: root@localhost\n      Modified: 2013-06-01 12:40:31\n      Created: 2013-06-01 12:40:31\n   Security_type: DEFINER\n      Comment:\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nStored functions whose name starts with \'V\':\n\nSHOW FUNCTION STATUS LIKE \'V%\' \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n         Db: test\n        Name: VatCents\n        Type: FUNCTION\n      Definer: root@localhost\n      Modified: 2013-06-01 12:40:31\n      Created: 2013-06-01 12:40:31\n   Security_type: DEFINER\n      Comment:\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nStored functions with a security type of \'DEFINER\':\n\nSHOW FUNCTION STATUS WHERE Security_type LIKE \'DEFINER\' \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n         Db: test\n        Name: VatCents\n        Type: FUNCTION\n      Definer: root@localhost\n      Modified: 2013-06-01 12:40:31\n      Created: 2013-06-01 12:40:31\n   Security_type: DEFINER\n      Comment:\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-function-status/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-function-status/'),(380,'SHOW LOCALES',26,'SHOW LOCALES was introduced as part of the Information Schema plugin extension.\n\nSHOW LOCALES is used to return locales information as part of the Locales\nplugin. While the information_schema.LOCALES table has 8 columns, the SHOW\nLOCALES statement will only display 4 of them:\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSHOW LOCALES;\n+-----+-------+-------------------------------------+------------------------+\n| Id  | Name  | Description                         | Error_Message_Language |\n+-----+-------+-------------------------------------+------------------------+\n|   0 | en_US | English - United States             | english                |\n|   1 | en_GB | English - United Kingdom            | english                |\n|   2 | ja_JP | Japanese - Japan                    | japanese               |\n|   3 | sv_SE | Swedish - Sweden                    | swedish                |\n...\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-locales/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-locales/'),(381,'SHOW OPEN TABLES',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW OPEN TABLES [FROM db_name]\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW OPEN TABLES lists the non-TEMPORARY tables that are currently open in the\ntable cache. See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/table-cache.html.\n\nThe FROM and LIKE clauses may be used.\n\nThe FROM clause, if present, restricts the tables shown to those present in\nthe db_name database.\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present on its own, indicates which table names to match.\nThe WHERE and LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general\nconditions, as discussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nThe following information is returned:\n\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Column                    | Description                                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Database                  | Database name.                                 |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Name                      | Table name.                                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| In_use                    | Number of  table instances being used.         |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Name_locked               | 1 if the table is name-locked, e.g. if it is   |\n|                           | being dropped or renamed, otherwise 0.         |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n\nBefore MariaDB 5.5, each use of, for example, LOCK TABLE ... WRITE would\nincrement In_use for that table. With the implementation of the metadata\nlocking improvements in MariaDB 5.5, LOCK TABLE... WRITE acquires a strong MDL\nlock, and concurrent connections will wait on this MDL lock, so any subsequent\nLOCK TABLE... WRITE will not increment In_use.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSHOW OPEN TABLES;\n+----------+---------------------------+--------+-------------+\n| Database | Table                     | In_use | Name_locked |\n+----------+---------------------------+--------+-------------+\n...\n| test     | xjson                     |      0 |           0 |\n| test     | jauthor                   |      0 |           0 |\n| test     | locks                     |      1 |           0 |\n...\n+----------+---------------------------+--------+-------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-open-tables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-open-tables/'),(382,'SHOW PACKAGE BODY STATUS',26,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.5\n----------------------------\nOracle-style packages were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.5.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSHOW PACKAGE BODY STATUS\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW PACKAGE BODY STATUS statement returns characteristics of stored\npackage bodies (implementations), such as the database, name, type, creator,\ncreation and modification dates, and character set information. A similar\nstatement, SHOW PACKAGE STATUS, displays information about stored package\nspecifications.\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present, indicates which package names to match. The WHERE\nand LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general conditions, as\ndiscussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nThe ROUTINES table in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA database contains more detailed\ninformation.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW PACKAGE BODY STATUS LIKE \'pkg1\'\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n         Db: test\n        Name: pkg1\n        Type: PACKAGE BODY\n      Definer: root@localhost\n      Modified: 2018-02-27 14:44:14\n      Created: 2018-02-27 14:44:14\n   Security_type: DEFINER\n      Comment: This is my first package body\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-package-body-status/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-package-body-status/'),(383,'SHOW PACKAGE STATUS',26,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.5\n----------------------------\nOracle-style packages were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.5.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSHOW PACKAGE STATUS\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW PACKAGE STATUS statement returns characteristics of stored package\nspecifications, such as the database, name, type, creator, creation and\nmodification dates, and character set information. A similar statement, SHOW\nPACKAGE BODY STATUS, displays information about stored package bodies (i.e.\nimplementations).\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present, indicates which package names to match. The WHERE\nand LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general conditions, as\ndiscussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nThe ROUTINES table in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA database contains more detailed\ninformation.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW PACKAGE STATUS LIKE \'pkg1\'\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n         Db: test\n        Name: pkg1\n        Type: PACKAGE\n      Definer: root@localhost\n      Modified: 2018-02-27 14:38:15\n      Created: 2018-02-27 14:38:15\n   Security_type: DEFINER\n      Comment: This is my first package\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-package-status/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-package-status/'),(385,'SHOW PROCEDURE CODE',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW PROCEDURE CODE proc_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement is a MariaDB extension that is available only for servers that\nhave been built with debugging support. It displays a representation of the\ninternal implementation of the named stored procedure. A similar statement,\nSHOW FUNCTION CODE, displays information about stored functions.\n\nBoth statements require that you be the owner of the routine or have SELECT\naccess to the mysql.proc table.\n\nIf the named routine is available, each statement produces a result set. Each\nrow in the result set corresponds to one \"instruction\" in the routine. The\nfirst column is Pos, which is an ordinal number beginning with 0. The second\ncolumn is Instruction, which contains an SQL statement (usually changed from\nthe original source), or a directive which has meaning only to the\nstored-routine handler.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDELIMITER //\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE p1 ()\n BEGIN\n  DECLARE fanta INT DEFAULT 55;\n  DROP TABLE t2;\n  LOOP\n   INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (fanta);\n   END LOOP;\n END//\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW PROCEDURE CODE p1//\n+-----+----------------------------------------+\n| Pos | Instruction                            |\n+-----+----------------------------------------+\n|   0 | set fanta@0 55                         |\n|   1 | stmt 9 \"DROP TABLE t2\"                 |\n|   2 | stmt 5 \"INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (fanta)\" |\n|   3 | jump 2                                 |\n+-----+----------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-procedure-code/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-procedure-code/'),(386,'SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW PROCEDURE STATUS\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement is a MariaDB extension. It returns characteristics of a stored\nprocedure, such as the database, name, type, creator, creation and\nmodification dates, and character set information. A similar statement, SHOW\nFUNCTION STATUS, displays information about stored functions.\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present, indicates which procedure or function names to\nmatch. The WHERE and LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more\ngeneral conditions, as discussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nThe ROUTINES table in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA database contains more detailed\ninformation.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW PROCEDURE STATUS LIKE \'p1\'\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n         Db: test\n        Name: p1\n        Type: PROCEDURE\n      Definer: root@localhost\n      Modified: 2010-08-23 13:23:03\n      Created: 2010-08-23 13:23:03\n   Security_type: DEFINER\n      Comment:\ncharacter_set_client: latin1\ncollation_connection: latin1_swedish_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-procedure-status/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-procedure-status/'),(384,'SHOW PRIVILEGES',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW PRIVILEGES\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW PRIVILEGES shows the list of system privileges that the MariaDB server\nsupports. The exact list of privileges depends on the version of your server.\n\nNote that before MariaDB 10.3.23, MariaDB 10.4.13 and MariaDB 10.5.2 , the\nDelete history privilege displays as Delete versioning rows (MDEV-20382).\n\nExample\n-------\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.9\n\nSHOW PRIVILEGES;\n+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------\n--------------------------------------------------------+\n| Privilege                | Context                               | Comment  \n                            |\n+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------\n--------------------------------------------------------+\n| Alter                    | Tables                                | To alter\nthe table                                                 |\n| Alter routine            | Functions,Procedures                  | To alter\nor drop stored functions/procedures                       |\n| Create                   | Databases,Tables,Indexes              | To create\nnew databases and tables                                 |\n| Create routine           | Databases                             | To use\nCREATE FUNCTION/PROCEDURE                                   |\n| Create temporary tables  | Databases                             | To use\nCREATE TEMPORARY TABLE                                      |\n| Create view              | Tables                                | To create\nnew views                                                |\n| Create user              | Server Admin                          | To create\nnew users                                                |\n| Delete                   | Tables                                | To delete\nexisting rows                                            |\n| Delete history           | Tables                                | To delete\nversioning table historical rows                         |\n| Drop                     | Databases,Tables                      | To drop\ndatabases, tables, and views                               |\n| Event                    | Server Admin                          | To\ncreate, alter, drop and execute events                          |\n| Execute                  | Functions,Procedures                  | To\nexecute stored routines                                         |\n| File                     | File access on server                 | To read\nand write files on the server                              |\n| Grant option             | Databases,Tables,Functions,Procedures | To give\nto other users those privileges you possess                |\n| Index                    | Tables                                | To create\nor drop indexes                                          |\n| Insert                   | Tables                                | To insert\ndata into tables                                         |\n| Lock tables              | Databases                             | To use\nLOCK TABLES (together with SELECT privilege)                |\n| Process                  | Server Admin                          | To view\nthe plain text of currently executing queries              |\n| Proxy                    | Server Admin                          | To make\nproxy user possible                                        |\n| References               | Databases,Tables                      | To have\nreferences on tables                                       |\n| Reload                   | Server Admin                          | To reload\nor refresh tables, logs and privileges                   |\n| Binlog admin             | Server                                | To purge\nbinary logs                                               |\n| Binlog monitor           | Server                                | To use\nSHOW BINLOG STATUS and SHOW BINARY LOG                      |\n| Binlog replay            | Server                                | To use\nBINLOG (generated by mariadb-binlog)                        |\n| Replication master admin | Server                                | To\nmonitor connected slaves                                        |\n| Replication slave admin  | Server                                | To\nstart/stop slave and apply binlog events                        |\n| Slave monitor            | Server                                | To use\nSHOW SLAVE STATUS and SHOW RELAYLOG EVENTS                  |\n| Replication slave        | Server Admin                          | To read\nbinary log events from the master                          |\n| Select                   | Tables                                | To\nretrieve rows from table                                        |\n| Show databases           | Server Admin                          | To see\nall databases with SHOW DATABASES                           |\n| Show view                | Tables                                | To see\nviews with SHOW CREATE VIEW                                 |\n| Shutdown                 | Server Admin                          | To shut\ndown the server                                            |\n| Super                    | Server Admin                          | To use\nKILL thread, SET GLOBAL, CHANGE MASTER, etc.                |\n| Trigger                  | Tables                                | To use\ntriggers                                                    |\n| Create tablespace        | Server Admin                          | To\ncreate/alter/drop tablespaces                                   |\n| Update                   | Tables                                | To update\nexisting rows                                            |\n| Set user                 | Server                                | To create\nviews and stored routines with a different definer       |\n| Federated admin          | Server                                | To\nexecute the CREATE SERVER, ALTER SERVER, DROP SERVER statements |\n| Connection admin         | Server                                | To bypass\nconnection limits and kill other users\' connections      |\n| Read_only admin          | Server                                | To\nperform write operations even if @@read_only=ON                 |\n| Usage                    | Server Admin                          | No\nprivileges - allow connect only                                 |\n+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------\n--------------------------------------------------------+\n41 rows in set (0.000 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-privileges/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-privileges/'),(387,'SHOW PROCESSLIST',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW [FULL] PROCESSLIST\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW PROCESSLIST shows you which threads are running. You can also get this\ninformation from the information_schema.PROCESSLIST table or the mysqladmin\nprocesslist command. If you have the PROCESS privilege, you can see all\nthreads. Otherwise, you can see only your own threads (that is, threads\nassociated with the MariaDB account that you are using). If you do not use the\nFULL keyword, only the first 100 characters of each statement are shown in the\nInfo field.\n\nThe columns shown in SHOW PROCESSLIST are:\n\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| Name                | Description                                          |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| ID                  | The client\'s process ID.                             |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| USER                | The username associated with the process.            |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| HOST                | The host the client is connected to.                 |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| DB                  | The default database of the process (NULL if no      |\n|                     | default).                                            |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| COMMAND             | The command type. See Thread Command Values.         |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| TIME                | The amount of time, in seconds, the process has      |\n|                     | been in its current state. For a replica SQL thread  |\n|                     | before MariaDB 10.1, this is the time in seconds     |\n|                     | between the last replicated event\'s timestamp and    |\n|                     | the replica machine\'s real time.                     |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| STATE               | See Thread States.                                   |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| INFO                | The statement being executed.                        |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| PROGRESS            | The total progress of the process (0-100%) (see      |\n|                     | Progress Reporting).                                 |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSee TIME_MS column in information_schema.PROCESSLIST for differences in the\nTIME column between MariaDB and MySQL.\n\nThe information_schema.PROCESSLIST table contains the following additional\ncolumns:\n\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| Name                | Description                                          |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| TIME_MS             | The amount of time, in milliseconds, the process     |\n|                     | has been in its current state.                       |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| STAGE               | The stage the process is currently in.               |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| MAX_STAGE           | The maximum number of stages.                        |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| PROGRESS            | The progress of the process within the current       |\n|                     | stage (0-100%).                                      |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| MEMORY_USED         | The amount of memory used by the process.            |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| EXAMINED_ROWS       | The number of rows the process has examined.         |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| QUERY_ID            | Query ID.                                            |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n\nNote that the PROGRESS field from the information schema, and the PROGRESS\nfield from SHOW PROCESSLIST display different results. SHOW PROCESSLIST shows\nthe total progress, while the information schema shows the progress for the\ncurrent stage only.\n\nThreads can be killed using their thread_id or their query_id, with the KILL\nstatement.\n\nSince queries on this table are locking, if the performance_schema is enabled,\nyou may want to query the THREADS table instead.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW PROCESSLIST;\n+----+-----------------+-----------+------+---------+------+-------------------\n----+------------------+----------+\n| Id | User            | Host      | db   | Command | Time | State            \n  | Info             | Progress |\n+----+-----------------+-----------+------+---------+------+-------------------\n----+------------------+----------+\n|  2 | event_scheduler | localhost | NULL | Daemon  | 2693 | Waiting on empty\nqueue | NULL             |    0.000 |\n|  4 | root            | localhost | NULL | Query   |    0 | Table lock       \n  | SHOW PROCESSLIST |    0.000 |\n+----+-----------------+-----------+------+---------+------+-------------------\n----+------------------+----------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-processlist/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-processlist/'),(388,'SHOW PROFILE',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW PROFILE [type [, type] ... ]\n  [FOR QUERY n]\n  [LIMIT row_count [OFFSET offset]]\n\ntype:\n  ALL\n | BLOCK IO\n | CONTEXT SWITCHES\n | CPU\n | IPC\n | MEMORY\n | PAGE FAULTS\n | SOURCE\n | SWAPS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW PROFILE and SHOW PROFILES statements display profiling information\nthat indicates resource usage for statements executed during the course of the\ncurrent session.\n\nProfiling is controlled by the profiling session variable, which has a default\nvalue of 0 (OFF). Profiling is enabled by setting profiling to 1 or ON:\n\nSET profiling = 1;\n\nSHOW PROFILES displays a list of the most recent statements sent to the\nmaster. The size of the list is controlled by the profiling_history_size\nsession variable, which has a default value of 15. The maximum value is 100.\nSetting the value to 0 has the practical effect of disabling profiling.\n\nAll statements are profiled except SHOW PROFILES and SHOW PROFILE, so you will\nfind neither of those statements in the profile list. Malformed statements are\nprofiled. For example, SHOW PROFILING is an illegal statement, and a syntax\nerror occurs if you try to execute it, but it will show up in the profiling\nlist.\n\nSHOW PROFILE displays detailed information about a single statement. Without\nthe FOR QUERY n clause, the output pertains to the most recently executed\nstatement. If FOR QUERY n is included, SHOW PROFILE displays information for\nstatement n. The values of n correspond to the Query_ID values displayed by\nSHOW PROFILES.\n\nThe LIMIT row_count clause may be given to limit the output to row_count rows.\nIf LIMIT is given, OFFSET offset may be added to begin the output offset rows\ninto the full set of rows.\n\nBy default, SHOW PROFILE displays Status and Duration columns. The Status\nvalues are like the State values displayed by SHOW PROCESSLIST, although there\nmight be some minor differences in interpretation for the two statements for\nsome status values (see\nhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/thread-information.html).\n\nOptional type values may be specified to display specific additional types of\ninformation:\n\n* ALL displays all information\n* BLOCK IO displays counts for block input and output operations\n* CONTEXT SWITCHES displays counts for voluntary and involuntary context\nswitches\n* CPU displays user and system CPU usage times\n* IPC displays counts for messages sent and received\n* MEMORY is not currently implemented\n* PAGE FAULTS displays counts for major and minor page faults\n* SOURCE displays the names of functions from the source code, together with\nthe name and line number of the file in which the function occurs\n* SWAPS displays swap counts\n\nProfiling is enabled per session. When a session ends, its profiling\ninformation is lost.\n\nThe information_schema.PROFILING table contains similar information.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT @@profiling;\n+-------------+\n| @@profiling |\n+-------------+\n|           0 |\n+-------------+\n\nSET profiling = 1;\n\nUSE test;\n\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS t1;\n\nCREATE TABLE T1 (id INT);\n\nSHOW PROFILES;\n+----------+------------+--------------------------+\n| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                    |\n+----------+------------+--------------------------+\n|        1 | 0.00009200 | SELECT DATABASE()        |\n|        2 | 0.00023800 | show databases           |\n|        3 | 0.00018900 | show tables              |\n|        4 | 0.00014700 | DROP TABLE IF EXISTS t1  |\n|        5 | 0.24476900 | CREATE TABLE T1 (id INT) |\n+----------+------------+--------------------------+\n\nSHOW PROFILE;\n+----------------------+----------+\n| Status               | Duration |\n+----------------------+----------+\n| starting             | 0.000042 |\n| checking permissions | 0.000044 |\n| creating table       | 0.244645 |\n| After create         | 0.000013 |\n| query end            | 0.000003 |\n| freeing items        | 0.000016 |\n| logging slow query   | 0.000003 |\n| cleaning up          | 0.000003 |\n+----------------------+----------+\n\nSHOW PROFILE FOR QUERY 4;\n+--------------------+----------+\n| Status             | Duration |\n+--------------------+----------+\n| starting           | 0.000126 |\n| query end          | 0.000004 |\n| freeing items      | 0.000012 |\n| logging slow query | 0.000003 |\n| cleaning up        | 0.000002 |\n+--------------------+----------+\n\nSHOW PROFILE CPU FOR QUERY 5;\n+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+\n| Status               | Duration | CPU_user | CPU_system |\n+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+\n| starting             | 0.000042 | 0.000000 |   0.000000 |\n| checking permissions | 0.000044 | 0.000000 |   0.000000 |\n| creating table       | 0.244645 | 0.000000 |   0.000000 |\n| After create         | 0.000013 | 0.000000 |   0.000000 |\n| query end            | 0.000003 | 0.000000 |   0.000000 |\n| freeing items        | 0.000016 | 0.000000 |   0.000000 |\n| logging slow query   | 0.000003 | 0.000000 |   0.000000 |\n| cleaning up          | 0.000003 | 0.000000 |   0.000000 |\n+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-profile/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-profile/'),(392,'SHOW TABLE STATUS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW TABLE STATUS [{FROM | IN} db_name]\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW TABLE STATUS works like SHOW TABLES, but provides more extensive\ninformation about each non-TEMPORARY table.\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present on its own, indicates which table names to match.\nThe WHERE and LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general\nconditions, as discussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nThe following information is returned:\n\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Column                    | Description                                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Name                      | Table name.                                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Engine                    | Table storage engine.                          |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Version                   | Version number from the table\'s .frm file.     |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Row_format                | Row format (see InnoDB, Aria and MyISAM row    |\n|                           | formats).                                      |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Rows                      | Number of rows in the table. Some engines,     |\n|                           | such as XtraDB and InnoDB may store an         |\n|                           | estimate.                                      |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Avg_row_length            | Average row length in the table.               |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Data_length               | For InnoDB/XtraDB, the index size, in pages,   |\n|                           | multiplied by the page size. For Aria and      |\n|                           | MyISAM, length of the data file, in bytes.     |\n|                           | For MEMORY, the approximate allocated memory.  |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Max_data_length           | Maximum length of the data file, ie the total  |\n|                           | number of bytes that could be stored in the    |\n|                           | table. Not used in XtraDB and InnoDB.          |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Index_length              | Length of the index file.                      |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Data_free                 | Bytes allocated but unused. For InnoDB tables  |\n|                           | in a shared tablespace, the free space of the  |\n|                           | shared tablespace with small safety margin.    |\n|                           | An estimate in the case of partitioned tables  |\n|                           | - see the PARTITIONS table.                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Auto_increment            | Next AUTO_INCREMENT value.                     |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Create_time               | Time the table was created. Some engines just  |\n|                           | return the ctime information from the file     |\n|                           | system layer here, in that case the value is   |\n|                           | not necessarily the table creation time but    |\n|                           | rather the time the file system metadata for   |\n|                           | it had last changed.                           |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Update_time               | Time the table was last updated. On Windows,   |\n|                           | the timestamp is not updated on update, so     |\n|                           | MyISAM values will be inaccurate. In InnoDB,   |\n|                           | if shared tablespaces are used, will be NULL,  |\n|                           | while buffering can also delay the update, so  |\n|                           | the value will differ from the actual time of  |\n|                           | the last UPDATE, INSERT or DELETE.             |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Check_time                | Time the table was last checked. Not kept by   |\n|                           | all storage engines, in which case will be     |\n|                           | NULL.                                          |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Collation                 | Character set and collation.                   |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Checksum                  | Live checksum value, if any.                   |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Create_options            | Extra CREATE TABLE options.                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Comment                   | Table comment provided when MariaDB created    |\n|                           | the table.                                     |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Max_index_length          | Maximum index length (supported by MyISAM and  |\n|                           | Aria tables). Added in MariaDB 10.3.5.         |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Temporary                 | Placeholder to signal that a table is a        |\n|                           | temporary table. Currently always \"N\", except  |\n|                           | \"Y\" for generated information_schema tables    |\n|                           | and NULL for views. Added in MariaDB 10.3.5.   |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n\nSimilar information can be found in the information_schema.TABLES table as\nwell as by using mysqlshow:\n\nmysqlshow --status db_name\n\nViews\n-----\n\nFor views, all columns in SHOW TABLE STATUS are NULL except \'Name\' and\n\'Comment\'\n\nExample\n-------\n\nshow table status\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     Name: bus_routes\n    Engine: InnoDB\n    Version: 10\n  Row_format: Dynamic\n     Rows: 5\n Avg_row_length: 3276\n  Data_length: 16384\nMax_data_length: 0\n Index_length: 0\n   Data_free: 0\n Auto_increment: NULL\n  Create_time: 2017-05-24 11:17:46\n  Update_time: NULL\n  Check_time: NULL\n   Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n   Checksum: NULL\n Create_options: \n    Comment:\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-table-status/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-table-status/'),(393,'SHOW TABLES',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW [FULL] TABLES [FROM db_name]\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW TABLES lists the non-TEMPORARY tables, sequences and views in a given\ndatabase.\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present on its own, indicates which table names to match.\nThe WHERE and LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general\nconditions, as discussed in Extended SHOW. For example, when searching for\ntables in the test database, the column name for use in the WHERE and LIKE\nclauses will be Tables_in_test\n\nThe FULL modifier is supported such that SHOW FULL TABLES displays a second\noutput column. Values for the second column, Table_type, are BASE TABLE for a\ntable, VIEW for a view and SEQUENCE for a sequence.\n\nYou can also get this information using:\n\nmysqlshow db_name\n\nSee mysqlshow for more details.\n\nIf you have no privileges for a base table or view, it does not show up in the\noutput from SHOW TABLES or mysqlshow db_name.\n\nThe information_schema.TABLES table, as well as the SHOW TABLE STATUS\nstatement, provide extended information about tables.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW TABLES;\n+----------------------+\n| Tables_in_test       |\n+----------------------+\n| animal_count         |\n| animals              |\n| are_the_mooses_loose |\n| aria_test2           |\n| t1                   |\n| view1                |\n+----------------------+\n\nShowing the tables beginning with a only.\n\nSHOW TABLES WHERE Tables_in_test LIKE \'a%\';\n+----------------------+\n| Tables_in_test       |\n+----------------------+\n| animal_count         |\n| animals              |\n| are_the_mooses_loose |\n| aria_test2           |\n+----------------------+\n\nShowing tables and table types:\n\nSHOW FULL TABLES;\n+----------------+------------+\n| Tables_in_test | Table_type |\n+----------------+------------+\n| s1             | SEQUENCE   |\n| student        | BASE TABLE |\n| v1             | VIEW       |\n+----------------+------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-tables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-tables/'),(394,'SHOW TABLE_STATISTICS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW TABLE_STATISTICS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW TABLE_STATISTICS statementis part of the User Statistics feature. It\nwas removed as a separate statement in MariaDB 10.1.1, but effectively\nreplaced by the generic SHOW information_schema_table statement. The\ninformation_schema.TABLE_STATISTICS table shows statistics on table usage\n\nThe userstat system variable must be set to 1 to activate this feature. See\nthe User Statistics and information_schema.TABLE_STATISTICS articles for more\ninformation.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSHOW TABLE_STATISTICS\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     Table_schema: mysql\n      Table_name: proxies_priv\n       Rows_read: 2\n     Rows_changed: 0\nRows_changed_x_#indexes: 0\n*************************** 2. row ***************************\n     Table_schema: test\n      Table_name: employees_example\n       Rows_read: 7\n     Rows_changed: 0\nRows_changed_x_#indexes: 0\n*************************** 3. row ***************************\n     Table_schema: mysql\n      Table_name: user\n       Rows_read: 16\n     Rows_changed: 0\nRows_changed_x_#indexes: 0\n*************************** 4. row ***************************\n     Table_schema: mysql\n      Table_name: db\n       Rows_read: 2\n     Rows_changed: 0\nRows_changed_x_#indexes: 0\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-table-statistics/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-table-statistics/'),(395,'SHOW TRIGGERS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW TRIGGERS [FROM db_name]\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW TRIGGERS lists the triggers currently defined for tables in a database\n(the default database unless a FROM clause is given). This statement requires\nthe TRIGGER privilege (prior to MySQL 5.1.22, it required the SUPER privilege).\n\nThe LIKE clause, if present on its own, indicates which table names to match\nand causes the statement to display triggers for those tables. The WHERE and\nLIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general conditions, as\ndiscussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nSimilar information is stored in the information_schema.TRIGGERS table.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.2.3\n----------------------------\nIf there are multiple triggers for the same action, then the triggers are\nshown in action order.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nFor the trigger defined at Trigger Overview:\n\nSHOW triggers Like \'animals\' \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n      Trigger: the_mooses_are_loose\n       Event: INSERT\n       Table: animals\n     Statement: BEGIN\n IF NEW.name = \'Moose\' THEN\n UPDATE animal_count SET animal_count.animals = animal_count.animals+100;\n ELSE \n UPDATE animal_count SET animal_count.animals = animal_count.animals+1;\n END IF;\nEND\n       Timing: AFTER\n      Created: 2016-09-29 13:53:34.35\n      sql_mode:\n      Definer: root@localhost\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nListing all triggers associated with a certain table:\n\nSHOW TRIGGERS FROM test WHERE `Table` = \'user\' \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n      Trigger: user_ai\n       Event: INSERT\n       Table: user\n     Statement: BEGIN END\n       Timing: AFTER\n      Created:  2016-09-29 13:53:34.35\n      sql_mode:\n      Definer: root@%\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\nSHOW triggers WHERE Event Like \'Insert\' \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n      Trigger: the_mooses_are_loose\n       Event: INSERT\n       Table: animals\n     Statement: BEGIN\n IF NEW.name = \'Moose\' THEN\n UPDATE animal_count SET animal_count.animals = animal_count.animals+100;\n ELSE \n UPDATE animal_count SET animal_count.animals = animal_count.animals+1;\n END IF;\nEND\n       Timing: AFTER\n      Created: 2016-09-29 13:53:34.35\n      sql_mode:\n      Definer: root@localhost\ncharacter_set_client: utf8\ncollation_connection: utf8_general_ci\n Database Collation: latin1_swedish_ci\n\n* character_set_client is the session value of the character_set_client system\nvariable when the trigger was created. \n* collation_connection is the session value of the collation_connection system\nvariable when the trigger was\n created. \n* Database Collation is the collation of the database \n with which the trigger is associated.\n\nThese columns were added in MariaDB/MySQL 5.1.21.\n\nOld triggers created before MySQL 5.7 and MariaDB 10.2.3 has NULL in the\nCreated column.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-triggers/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-triggers/'),(396,'SHOW USER_STATISTICS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW USER_STATISTICS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW USER_STATISTICS statement is part of the User Statistics feature. It\nwas removed as a separate statement in MariaDB 10.1.1, but effectively\nreplaced by the generic SHOW information_schema_table statement. The\ninformation_schema.USER_STATISTICS table holds statistics about user activity.\nYou can use this table to find out such things as which user is causing the\nmost load and which users are being abusive. You can also use this table to\nmeasure how close to capacity the server may be.\n\nThe userstat system variable must be set to 1 to activate this feature. See\nthe User Statistics and information_schema.USER_STATISTICS table for more\ninformation.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSHOW USER_STATISTICS\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n         User: root\n  Total_connections: 1\nConcurrent_connections: 0\n    Connected_time: 3297\n      Busy_time: 0.14113400000000006\n       Cpu_time: 0.017637000000000003\n    Bytes_received: 969\n      Bytes_sent: 22355\n Binlog_bytes_written: 0\n      Rows_read: 10\n      Rows_sent: 67\n     Rows_deleted: 0\n    Rows_inserted: 0\n     Rows_updated: 0\n   Select_commands: 7\n   Update_commands: 0\n    Other_commands: 0\n Commit_transactions: 1\n Rollback_transactions: 0\n  Denied_connections: 0\n   Lost_connections: 0\n    Access_denied: 0\n    Empty_queries: 7\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-user-statistics/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-user-statistics/'),(397,'SHOW VARIABLES',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW [GLOBAL | SESSION] VARIABLES\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW VARIABLES shows the values of MariaDB system variables. This information\nalso can be obtained using the mysqladmin variables command. The LIKE clause,\nif present, indicates which variable names to match. The WHERE clause can be\ngiven to select rows using more general conditions.\n\nWith the GLOBAL modifier, SHOW VARIABLES displays the values that are used for\nnew connections to MariaDB. With SESSION, it displays the values that are in\neffect for the current connection. If no modifier is present, the default is\nSESSION. LOCAL is a synonym for SESSION. With a LIKE clause, the statement\ndisplays only rows for those variables with names that match the pattern. To\nobtain the row for a specific variable, use a LIKE clause as shown:\n\nSHOW VARIABLES LIKE \'maria_group_commit\';\nSHOW SESSION VARIABLES LIKE \'maria_group_commit\';\n\nTo get a list of variables whose name match a pattern, use the \"%\" wildcard\ncharacter in a LIKE clause:\n\nSHOW VARIABLES LIKE \'%maria%\';\nSHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE \'%maria%\';\n\nWildcard characters can be used in any position within the pattern to be\nmatched. Strictly speaking, because \"_\" is a wildcard that matches any single\ncharacter, you should escape it as \"\\_\" to match it literally. In practice,\nthis is rarely necessary.\n\nThe WHERE and LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general\nconditions, as discussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nSee SET for information on setting server system variables.\n\nSee Server System Variables for a list of all the variables that can be set.\n\nYou can also see the server variables by querying the Information Schema\nGLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES tables.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW VARIABLES LIKE \'aria%\';\n+------------------------------------------+---------------------+\n| Variable_name                            | Value               |\n+------------------------------------------+---------------------+\n| aria_block_size                          | 8192                |\n| aria_checkpoint_interval                 | 30                  |\n| aria_checkpoint_log_activity             | 1048576             |\n| aria_force_start_after_recovery_failures | 0                   |\n| aria_group_commit                        | none                |\n| aria_group_commit_interval               | 0                   |\n| aria_log_file_size                       | 1073741824          |\n| aria_log_purge_type                      | immediate           |\n| aria_max_sort_file_size                  | 9223372036853727232 |\n| aria_page_checksum                       | ON                  |\n| aria_pagecache_age_threshold             | 300                 |\n| aria_pagecache_buffer_size               | 134217728           |\n| aria_pagecache_division_limit            | 100                 |\n| aria_recover                             | NORMAL              |\n| aria_repair_threads                      | 1                   |\n| aria_sort_buffer_size                    | 134217728           |\n| aria_stats_method                        | nulls_unequal       |\n| aria_sync_log_dir                        | NEWFILE             |\n| aria_used_for_temp_tables                | ON                  |\n+------------------------------------------+---------------------+\n\nSELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE, GLOBAL_VALUE FROM\n INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE\n VARIABLE_NAME LIKE \'max_error_count\' OR\n VARIABLE_NAME LIKE \'innodb_sync_spin_loops\';\n+---------------------------+---------------+--------------+\n| VARIABLE_NAME             | SESSION_VALUE | GLOBAL_VALUE |\n+---------------------------+---------------+--------------+\n| MAX_ERROR_COUNT           | 64            | 64           |\n| INNODB_SYNC_SPIN_LOOPS    | NULL          | 30           |\n+---------------------------+---------------+--------------+\n\nSET GLOBAL max_error_count=128;\n\nSELECT VARIABLE_NAME, SESSION_VALUE, GLOBAL_VALUE FROM\n INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_VARIABLES WHERE\n VARIABLE_NAME LIKE \'max_error_count\' OR\n VARIABLE_NAME LIKE \'innodb_sync_spin_loops\';\n+---------------------------+---------------+--------------+\n| VARIABLE_NAME             | SESSION_VALUE | GLOBAL_VALUE |\n+---------------------------+---------------+--------------+\n| MAX_ERROR_COUNT           | 64            | 128          |\n| INNODB_SYNC_SPIN_LOOPS    | NULL          | 30           |\n+---------------------------+---------------+--------------+\n\nSET GLOBAL max_error_count=128;\n\nSHOW VARIABLES LIKE \'max_error_count\';\n+-----------------+-------+\n| Variable_name   | Value |\n+-----------------+-------+\n| max_error_count | 64    |\n+-----------------+-------+\n\nSHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE \'max_error_count\';\n+-----------------+-------+\n| Variable_name   | Value |\n+-----------------+-------+\n| max_error_count | 128   |\n+-----------------+-------+\n\nBecause the following variable only has a global scope, the global value is\nreturned even when specifying SESSION (in this case by default):\n\nSHOW VARIABLES LIKE \'innodb_sync_spin_loops\';\n+------------------------+-------+\n| Variable_name          | Value |\n+------------------------+-------+\n| innodb_sync_spin_loops | 30    |\n+------------------------+-------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-variables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-variables/'),(398,'SHOW WARNINGS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW WARNINGS [LIMIT [offset,] row_count]\nSHOW ERRORS [LIMIT row_count OFFSET offset]\nSHOW COUNT(*) WARNINGS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSHOW WARNINGS shows the error, warning, and note messages that resulted from\nthe last statement that generated messages in the current session. It shows\nnothing if the last statement used a table and generated no messages. (That\nis, a statement that uses a table but generates no messages clears the message\nlist.) Statements that do not use tables and do not generate messages have no\neffect on the message list.\n\nA note is different to a warning in that it only appears if the sql_notes\nvariable is set to 1 (the default), and is not converted to an error if strict\nmode is enabled.\n\nA related statement, SHOW ERRORS, shows only the errors.\n\nThe SHOW COUNT(*) WARNINGS statement displays the total number of errors,\nwarnings, and notes. You can also retrieve this number from the warning_count\nvariable:\n\nSHOW COUNT(*) WARNINGS;\nSELECT @@warning_count;\n\nThe value of warning_count might be greater than the number of messages\ndisplayed by SHOW WARNINGS if the max_error_count system variable is set so\nlow that not all messages are stored.\n\nThe LIMIT clause has the same syntax as for the SELECT statement.\n\nSHOW WARNINGS can be used after EXPLAIN EXTENDED to see how a query is\ninternally rewritten by MariaDB.\n\nIf the sql_notes server variable is set to 1, Notes are included in the output\nof SHOW WARNINGS; if it is set to 0, this statement will not show (or count)\nNotes.\n\nThe results of SHOW WARNINGS and SHOW COUNT(*) WARNINGS are directly sent to\nthe client. If you need to access those information in a stored program, you\ncan use the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement instead.\n\nFor a list of MariaDB error codes, see MariaDB Error Codes.\n\nThe mysql client also has a number of options related to warnings. The \\W\ncommand will show warnings after every statement, while \\w will disable this.\nStarting the client with the --show-warnings option will show warnings after\nevery statement.\n\nMariaDB 10.3.1 implements a stored routine error stack trace. SHOW WARNINGS\ncan also be used to show more information. See the example below.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT 1/0;\n+------+\n| 1/0  |\n+------+\n| NULL |\n+------+\n\nSHOW COUNT(*) WARNINGS;\n+-------------------------+\n| @@session.warning_count |\n+-------------------------+\n|                       1 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+---------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message       |\n+---------+------+---------------+\n| Warning | 1365 | Division by 0 |\n+---------+------+---------------+\n\nStack Trace\n-----------\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.1, displaying a stack trace:\n\nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p1()\n BEGIN\n  DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM not_existing;\n  OPEN c;\n  CLOSE c;\n END;\n$$\nCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p2()\n BEGIN\n  CALL p1;\n END;\n$$\nDELIMITER ;\nCALL p2;\nERROR 1146 (42S02): Table \'test.not_existing\' doesn\'t exist\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+-----------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                                 |\n+-------+------+-----------------------------------------+\n| Error | 1146 | Table \'test.not_existing\' doesn\'t exist |\n| Note  | 4091 | At line 6 in test.p1                    |\n| Note  | 4091 | At line 4 in test.p2                    |\n+-------+------+-----------------------------------------+\n\nSHOW WARNINGS displays a stack trace, showing where the error actually\nhappened:\n\n* Line 4 in test.p1 is the OPEN command which actually raised the error\n* Line 3 in test.p2 is the CALL statement, calling p1 from p2.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-warnings/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-warnings/'),(399,'SHOW WSREP_MEMBERSHIP',26,'SHOW WSREP_MEMBERSHIP is part of the WSREP_INFO plugin.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSHOW WSREP_MEMBERSHIP\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW WSREP_MEMBERSHIP statement returns Galera node cluster membership\ninformation. It returns the same information as found in the\ninformation_schema.WSREP_MEMBERSHIP table. Only users with the SUPER privilege\ncan access this information.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW WSREP_MEMBERSHIP;\n+-------+--------------------------------------+----------+-----------------+\n| Index | Uuid                                 | Name     | Address         |\n+-------+--------------------------------------+----------+-----------------+\n|     0 | 19058073-8940-11e4-8570-16af7bf8fced | my_node1 | 10.0.2.15:16001 |\n|     1 | 19f2b0e0-8942-11e4-9cb8-b39e8ee0b5dd | my_node3 | 10.0.2.15:16003 |\n|     2 | d85e62db-8941-11e4-b1ef-4bc9980e476d | my_node2 | 10.0.2.15:16002 |\n+-------+--------------------------------------+----------+-----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-wsrep_membership/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-wsrep_membership/'),(400,'SHOW WSREP_STATUS',26,'SHOW WSREP_STATUS is part of the WSREP_INFO plugin.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSHOW WSREP_STATUS\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHOW WSREP_STATUS statement returns Galera node and cluster status\ninformation. It returns the same information as found in the\ninformation_schema.WSREP_STATUS table. Only users with the SUPER privilege can\naccess this information.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW WSREP_STATUS;\n+------------+-------------+----------------+--------------+\n| Node_Index | Node_Status | Cluster_Status | Cluster_Size |\n+------------+-------------+----------------+--------------+\n|          0 | Synced      | Primary        |            3 |\n+------------+-------------+----------------+--------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-wsrep_status/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-wsrep_status/'),(402,'PURGE BINARY LOGS',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nPURGE { BINARY | MASTER } LOGS\n  { TO \'log_name\' | BEFORE datetime_expr }\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe PURGE BINARY LOGS statement deletes all the binary log files listed in the\nlog index file prior to the specified log file name or date. BINARY and MASTER\nare synonyms. Deleted log files also are removed from the list recorded in the\nindex file, so that the given log file becomes the first in the list.\n\nThe datetime expression is in the format \'YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss\'.\n\nIf a replica is active but has yet to read from a binary log file you attempt\nto delete, the statement will fail with an error. However, if the replica is\nnot connected and has yet to read from a log file you delete, the file will be\ndeleted, but the replica will be unable to continue replicating once it\nconnects again.\n\nThis statement has no effect if the server was not started with the --log-bin\noption to enable binary logging.\n\nTo list the binary log files on the server, use SHOW BINARY LOGS. To see which\nfiles they are reading, use SHOW SLAVE STATUS (or SHOW REPLICA STATUS from\nMariaDB 10.5.1). You can only delete the files that are older than the oldest\nfile that is used by the slaves.\n\nTo delete all binary log files, use RESET MASTER. To move to a new log file\n(for example if you want to remove the current log file), use FLUSH LOGS\nbefore you execute PURGE LOGS.\n\nIf the expire_logs_days server system variable is not set to 0, the server\nautomatically deletes binary log files after the given number of days. From\nMariaDB 10.6, the binlog_expire_logs_seconds variable allows more precise\ncontrol over binlog deletion, and takes precedence if both are non-zero.\n\nRequires the SUPER privilege or, from MariaDB 10.5.2, the BINLOG ADMIN\nprivilege, to run.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nPURGE BINARY LOGS TO \'mariadb-bin.000063\';\n\nPURGE BINARY LOGS BEFORE \'2013-04-21\';\n\nPURGE BINARY LOGS BEFORE \'2013-04-22 09:55:22\';\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/purge-binary-logs/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/purge-binary-logs/'),(403,'CACHE INDEX',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nCACHE INDEX                      \n tbl_index_list [, tbl_index_list] ...\n IN key_cache_name\n\ntbl_index_list:\n tbl_name [[INDEX|KEY] (index_name[, index_name] ...)]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe CACHE INDEX statement assigns table indexes to a specific key cache. It is\nused only for MyISAM tables.\n\nA default key cache exists and cannot be destroyed. To create more key caches,\nthe key_buffer_size server system variable.\n\nThe associations between tables indexes and key caches are lost on server\nrestart. To recreate them automatically, it is necessary to configure caches\nin a configuration file and include some CACHE INDEX (and optionally LOAD\nINDEX) statements in the init file.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nThe following statement assigns indexes from the tables t1, t2, and t3 to the\nkey cache named hot_cache:\n\nCACHE INDEX t1, t2, t3 IN hot_cache;\n+---------+--------------------+----------+----------+\n| Table   | Op                 | Msg_type | Msg_text |\n+---------+--------------------+----------+----------+\n| test.t1 | assign_to_keycache | status   | OK       |\n| test.t2 | assign_to_keycache | status   | OK       |\n| test.t3 | assign_to_keycache | status   | OK       |\n+---------+--------------------+----------+----------+\n\nImplementation (for MyISAM)\n---------------------------\n\nNormally CACHE INDEX should not take a long time to execute. Internally it\'s\nimplemented the following way:\n\n* Find the right key cache (under LOCK_global_system_variables)\n* Open the table with a TL_READ_NO_INSERT lock.\n* Flush the original key cache for the given file (under key cache lock)\n* Flush the new key cache for the given file (safety)\n* Move the file to the new key cache (under file share lock)\n\nThe only possible long operations are getting the locks for the table and\nflushing the original key cache, if there were many key blocks for the file in\nit.\n\nWe plan to also add CACHE INDEX for Aria tables if there is a need for this.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/cache-index/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/cache-index/'),(404,'HELP Command',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nHELP search_string\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe HELP command can be used in any MariaDB client, such as the mysql\ncommand-line client, to get basic syntax help and a short description for most\ncommands and functions.\n\nIf you provide an argument to the HELP command, the mysql client uses it as a\nsearch string to access server-side help. The proper operation of this command\nrequires that the help tables in the mysql database be initialized with help\ntopic information.\n\nIf there is no match for the search string, the search fails. Use HELP\ncontents to see a list of the help categories:\n\nHELP contents\nYou asked for help about help category: \"Contents\"\nFor more information, type \'help <item>\', where <item> is one of the following\ncategories:\n Account Management\n Administration\n Compound Statements\n Data Definition\n Data Manipulation\n Data Types\n Functions\n Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY\n Geographic Features\n Help Metadata\n Language Structure\n Plugins\n Procedures\n Sequences\n Table Maintenance\n Transactions\n User-Defined Functions\n Utility\n\nIf a search string matches multiple items, MariaDB shows a list of matching\ntopics:\n\nHELP drop\nMany help items for your request exist.\nTo make a more specific request, please type \'help <item>\',\nwhere <item> is one of the following\ntopics:\n ALTER TABLE\n DROP DATABASE\n DROP EVENT\n DROP FUNCTION\n DROP FUNCTION UDF\n DROP INDEX\n DROP PACKAGE\n DROP PACKAGE BODY\n DROP PROCEDURE\n DROP ROLE\n DROP SEQUENCE\n DROP SERVER\n DROP TABLE\n DROP TRIGGER\n DROP USER\n DROP VIEW\n\nThen you can enter a topic as the search string to see the help entry for that\ntopic.\n\nThe help is provided with the MariaDB server and makes use of four help tables\nfound in the mysql database: help_relation, help_topic, help_category and\nhelp_keyword. These tables are populated by the mysql_install_db or\nfill_help_table.sql scripts which, until MariaDB 10.4.7, contain data\ngenerated from an old version of MySQL.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/help-command/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/help-command/'),(405,'KILL [CONNECTION | QUERY]',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nKILL [HARD | SOFT] { {CONNECTION|QUERY} thread_id | QUERY ID query_id | USER\nuser_name }\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nEach connection to mysqld runs in a separate thread. You can see which threads\nare running with the SHOW PROCESSLIST statement and kill a thread with the\nKILL thread_id statement. KILL allows the optional CONNECTION or QUERY\nmodifier:\n\n* KILL CONNECTION is the same as KILL with no\n modifier: It terminates the connection associated with the given thread or\nquery id.\n* KILL QUERY terminates the statement that the connection thread_id is\n currently executing, but leaves the connection itself intact.\n* KILL QUERY ID terminates the query by query_id, leaving the connection\nintact.\n\nIf a connection is terminated that has an active transaction, the transaction\nwill be rolled back. If only a query is killed, the current transaction will\nstay active. See also idle_transaction_timeout.\n\nIf you have the PROCESS privilege, you can see all threads. If you have the\nSUPER privilege, or, from MariaDB 10.5.2, the CONNECTION ADMIN privilege, you\ncan kill all threads and statements. Otherwise, you can see and kill only your\nown threads and statements.\n\nKilling queries that repair or create indexes on MyISAM and Aria tables may\nresult in corrupted tables. Use the SOFT option to avoid this!\n\nThe HARD option (default) kills a command as soon as possible. If you use\nSOFT, then critical operations that may leave a table in an inconsistent state\nwill not be interrupted. Such operations include REPAIR and INDEX creation for\nMyISAM and Aria tables (REPAIR TABLE, OPTIMIZE TABLE).\n\nKILL ... USER username will kill all connections/queries for a given user.\nUSER can be specified one of the following ways:\n\n* username  (Kill without regard to hostname)\n* username@hostname\n* CURRENT_USER or CURRENT_USER()\n\nIf you specify a thread id and that thread does not exist, you get the\nfollowing error:\n\nERROR 1094 (HY000): Unknown thread id: <thread_id>\n\nIf you specify a query id that doesn\'t exist, you get the following error:\n\nERROR 1957 (HY000): Unknown query id: <query_id>\n\nHowever, if you specify a user name, no error is issued for non-connected (or\neven non-existing) users. To check if the connection/query has been killed,\nyou can use the ROW_COUNT() function.\n\nA client whose connection is killed receives the following error:\n\nERROR 1317 (70100): Query execution was interrupted\n\nTo obtain a list of existing sessions, use the SHOW PROCESSLIST statement or\nquery the Information Schema PROCESSLIST table.\n\nNote: You cannot use KILL with the Embedded MySQL Server library because the\nembedded server merely runs inside the threads of the host application. It\ndoes not create any connection threads of its own.\n\nNote: You can also use mysqladmin kill thread_id [,thread_id...] to kill\nconnections. To get a list of running queries, use mysqladmin processlist. See\nmysqladmin.\n\nPercona Toolkit contains a program, pt-kill that can be used to automatically\nkill connections that match certain criteria. For example, it can be used to\nterminate idle connections, or connections that have been busy for more than\n60 seconds.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/kill/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/kill/'),(407,'RESET',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nRESET reset_option [, reset_option] ...\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe RESET statement is used to clear the state of various server operations.\nYou must have the RELOAD privilege to execute RESET.\n\nRESET acts as a stronger version of the FLUSH statement.\n\nThe different RESET options are:\n\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Option                    | Description                                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| SLAVE                     | Deletes all relay logs from the slave and      |\n| [\"connection_name\"] [ALL] | reset the replication position in the master   |\n|                           | binary log.                                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| MASTER                    | Deletes all old binary logs, makes the binary  |\n|                           | index file (--log-bin-index) empty and         |\n|                           | creates a new binary log file.  This is        |\n|                           | useful when you want to reset the master to    |\n|                           | an initial state. If you want to just delete   |\n|                           | old, not used binary logs, you should use the  |\n|                           | PURGE BINARY LOGS command.                     |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| QUERY CACHE               | Removes all queries from the query cache. See  |\n|                           | also FLUSH QUERY CACHE.                        |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/reset/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/reset/'),(408,'SHUTDOWN',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHUTDOWN [WAIT FOR ALL { SLAVES | REPLICAS } ]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SHUTDOWN command shuts the server down.\n\nWAIT FOR ALL SLAVES\n-------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.4.4\n----------------------------\nThe WAIT FOR ALL SLAVES option was first added in MariaDB 10.4.4. WAIT FOR ALL\nREPLICAS has been a synonym since MariaDB 10.5.1.\n\nWhen a master server is shutdown and it goes through the normal shutdown\nprocess, the master kills client threads in random order. By default, the\nmaster also considers its binary log dump threads to be regular client\nthreads. As a consequence, the binary log dump threads can be killed while\nclient threads still exist, and this means that data can be written on the\nmaster during a normal shutdown that won\'t be replicated. This is true even if\nsemi-synchronous replication is being used.\n\nIn MariaDB 10.4 and later, this problem can be solved by shutting down the\nserver with the SHUTDOWN command and by providing the WAIT FOR ALL SLAVES\noption to the command. For example:\n\nSHUTDOWN WAIT FOR ALL SLAVES;\n\nWhen the WAIT FOR ALL SLAVES option is provided, the server only kills its\nbinary log dump threads after all client threads have been killed, and it only\ncompletes the shutdown after the last binary log has been sent to all\nconnected replicas.\n\nSee Replication Threads: Binary Log Dump Threads and the Shutdown Process for\nmore information.\n\nRequired Permissions\n--------------------\n\nOne must have a SHUTDOWN privilege (see GRANT) to use this command. It is the\nsame privilege one needs to use the mariadb-admin/mysqladmin shutdown command.\n\nShutdown for Upgrades\n---------------------\n\nIf you are doing a shutdown to migrate to another major version of MariaDB,\nplease ensure that the innodb_fast_shutdown variable is not 2 (fast crash\nshutdown). The default of this variable is 1.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nThe following example shows how to create an event which turns off the server\nat a certain time:\n\nCREATE EVENT `test`.`shutd`\n  ON SCHEDULE\n    EVERY 1 DAY\n    STARTS \'2014-01-01 20:00:00\'\n  COMMENT \'Shutdown Maria when the office is closed\'\nDO BEGIN\n  SHUTDOWN;\nEND;\n\nOther Ways to Stop mysqld\n-------------------------\n\nYou can use the mariadb-admin/mysqladmin shutdown command to take down mysqld\ncleanly.\n\nYou can also use the system kill command on Unix with signal SIGTERM (15)\n\nkill -SIGTERM pid-of-mysqld-process\n\nYou can find the process number of the server process in the file that ends\nwith .pid in your data directory.\n\nThe above is identical to mysqladmin shutdown.\n\nOn windows you should use:\n\nNET STOP MySQL\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/shutdown/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/shutdown/'),(417,'JOIN Syntax',27,'Description\n-----------\n\nMariaDB supports the following JOIN syntaxes for the table_references part of\nSELECT statements and multiple-table DELETE and UPDATE statements:\n\ntable_references:\n  table_reference [, table_reference] ...\n\ntable_reference:\n  table_factor\n | join_table\n\ntable_factor:\n  tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n    [query_system_time_period_specification] [[AS] alias] [index_hint_list]\n | table_subquery [query_system_time_period_specification] [AS] alias\n | ( table_references )\n | { ON table_reference LEFT OUTER JOIN table_reference\n    ON conditional_expr }\n\njoin_table:\n  table_reference [INNER | CROSS] JOIN table_factor [join_condition]\n | table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_factor\n | table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_factor ON conditional_expr\n | table_reference {LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER] JOIN table_reference join_condition\n | table_reference NATURAL [{LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER]] JOIN table_factor\n\njoin_condition:\n  ON conditional_expr\n | USING (column_list)\n\nquery_system_time_period_specification:\n  FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF point_in_time\n | FOR SYSTEM_TIME BETWEEN point_in_time AND point_in_time\n | FOR SYSTEM_TIME FROM point_in_time TO point_in_time\n | FOR SYSTEM_TIME ALL\n\npoint_in_time:\n  [TIMESTAMP] expression\n | TRANSACTION expression\n\nindex_hint_list:\n  index_hint [, index_hint] ...\n\nindex_hint:\n  USE {INDEX|KEY}\n   [{FOR {JOIN|ORDER BY|GROUP BY}] ([index_list])\n | IGNORE {INDEX|KEY}\n   [{FOR {JOIN|ORDER BY|GROUP BY}] (index_list)\n | FORCE {INDEX|KEY}\n   [{FOR {JOIN|ORDER BY|GROUP BY}] (index_list)\n\nindex_list:\n  index_name [, index_name] ...\n\nA table reference is also known as a join expression.\n\nEach table can also be specified as db_name.tabl_name. This allows to write\nqueries which involve multiple databases. See Identifier Qualifiers for syntax\ndetails.\n\nThe syntax of table_factor is extended in comparison with the SQL Standard.\nThe latter accepts only table_reference, not a list of them inside a pair of\nparentheses.\n\nThis is a conservative extension if we consider each comma in a list of\ntable_reference items as equivalent to an inner join. For example:\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2, t3, t4)\n        ON (t2.a=t1.a AND t3.b=t1.b AND t4.c=t1.c)\n\nis equivalent to:\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2 CROSS JOIN t3 CROSS JOIN t4)\n        ON (t2.a=t1.a AND t3.b=t1.b AND t4.c=t1.c)\n\nIn MariaDB, CROSS JOIN is a syntactic equivalent to INNER JOIN (they can\nreplace each other). In standard SQL, they are not equivalent. INNER JOIN is\nused with an ON clause, CROSS JOIN is used otherwise.\n\nIn general, parentheses can be ignored in join expressions containing only\ninner join operations. MariaDB also supports nested joins (see\nhttp://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/nested-join-optimization.html).\n\nSee System-versioned tables for more information about FOR SYSTEM_TIME syntax.\n\nIndex hints can be specified to affect how the MariaDB optimizer makes use of\nindexes. For more information, see How to force query plans.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT left_tbl.*\n FROM left_tbl LEFT JOIN right_tbl ON left_tbl.id = right_tbl.id\n WHERE right_tbl.id IS NULL;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/join-syntax/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/join-syntax/'),(411,'SHOW COLLATION',26,'Syntax\n------\n\nSHOW COLLATION\n  [LIKE \'pattern\' | WHERE expr]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe output from SHOW COLLATION includes all available collations. The LIKE\nclause, if present on its own, indicates which collation names to match. The\nWHERE and LIKE clauses can be given to select rows using more general\nconditions, as discussed in Extended SHOW.\n\nThe same information can be queried from the Information Schema COLLATIONS\ntable.\n\nSee Setting Character Sets and Collations for details on specifying the\ncollation at the server, database, table and column levels.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSHOW COLLATION LIKE \'latin1%\';\n+-------------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+\n| Collation         | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |\n+-------------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+\n| latin1_german1_ci | latin1  |  5 |         | Yes      |       1 |\n| latin1_swedish_ci | latin1  |  8 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |\n| latin1_danish_ci  | latin1  | 15 |         | Yes      |       1 |\n| latin1_german2_ci | latin1  | 31 |         | Yes      |       2 |\n| latin1_bin        | latin1  | 47 |         | Yes      |       1 |\n| latin1_general_ci | latin1  | 48 |         | Yes      |       1 |\n| latin1_general_cs | latin1  | 49 |         | Yes      |       1 |\n| latin1_spanish_ci | latin1  | 94 |         | Yes      |       1 |\n+-------------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+\n\nSHOW COLLATION WHERE Sortlen LIKE \'8\' AND Charset LIKE \'utf8\';\n+--------------------+---------+-----+---------+----------+---------+\n| Collation          | Charset | Id  | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |\n+--------------------+---------+-----+---------+----------+---------+\n| utf8_unicode_ci    | utf8    | 192 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_icelandic_ci  | utf8    | 193 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_latvian_ci    | utf8    | 194 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_romanian_ci   | utf8    | 195 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_slovenian_ci  | utf8    | 196 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_polish_ci     | utf8    | 197 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_estonian_ci   | utf8    | 198 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_spanish_ci    | utf8    | 199 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_swedish_ci    | utf8    | 200 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_turkish_ci    | utf8    | 201 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_czech_ci      | utf8    | 202 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_danish_ci     | utf8    | 203 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_lithuanian_ci | utf8    | 204 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_slovak_ci     | utf8    | 205 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_spanish2_ci   | utf8    | 206 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_roman_ci      | utf8    | 207 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_persian_ci    | utf8    | 208 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_esperanto_ci  | utf8    | 209 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_hungarian_ci  | utf8    | 210 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_sinhala_ci    | utf8    | 211 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n| utf8_croatian_ci   | utf8    | 213 |         | Yes      |       8 |\n+--------------------+---------+-----+---------+----------+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-collation/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/show-collation/'),(418,'Scalar Subqueries',27,'A scalar subquery is a subquery that returns a single value. This is the\nsimplest form of a subquery, and can be used in most places a literal or\nsingle column value is valid.\n\nThe data type, length and character set and collation are all taken from the\nresult returned by the subquery. The result of a subquery can always be NULL,\nthat is, no result returned. Even if the original value is defined as NOT\nNULL, this is disregarded.\n\nA subquery cannot be used where only a literal is expected, for example LOAD\nDATA INFILE expects a literal string containing the file name, and LIMIT\nrequires a literal integer.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE sq1 (num TINYINT);\n\nCREATE TABLE sq2 (num TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO sq1 VALUES (1);\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES (10* (SELECT num FROM sq1));\n\nSELECT * FROM sq2;\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\nInserting a second row means the subquery is no longer a scalar, and this\nparticular query is not valid:\n\nINSERT INTO sq1 VALUES (2);\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES (10* (SELECT num FROM sq1));\nERROR 1242 (21000): Subquery returns more than 1 row\n\nNo rows in the subquery, so the scalar is NULL:\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES (10* (SELECT num FROM sq3 WHERE num=\'3\'));\n\nSELECT * FROM sq2;\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n| NULL |\n+------+\n\nA more traditional scalar subquery, as part of a WHERE clause:\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num = (SELECT MAX(num)/10 FROM sq2); \n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-scalar-subqueries/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-scalar-subqueries/'),(412,'DELETE',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nSingle-table syntax:\n\nDELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE] \n FROM tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n [FOR PORTION OF period FROM expr1 TO expr2]\n [WHERE where_condition]\n [ORDER BY ...]\n [LIMIT row_count]\n [RETURNING select_expr\n  [, select_expr ...]]\n\nMultiple-table syntax:\n\nDELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE]\n  tbl_name[.*] [, tbl_name[.*]] ...\n  FROM table_references\n  [WHERE where_condition]\n\nOr:\n\nDELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE]\n  FROM tbl_name[.*] [, tbl_name[.*]] ...\n  USING table_references\n  [WHERE where_condition]\n\nTrimming history:\n\nDELETE HISTORY\n FROM tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n [BEFORE SYSTEM_TIME [TIMESTAMP|TRANSACTION] expression]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Option                    | Description                                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| LOW_PRIORITY              | Wait until all SELECT\'s are done before        |\n|                           | starting the statement. Used with storage      |\n|                           | engines that uses table locking (MyISAM, Aria  |\n|                           | etc). See HIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY       |\n|                           | clauses for details.                           |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| QUICK                     | Signal the storage engine that it should       |\n|                           | expect that a lot of rows are deleted. The     |\n|                           | storage engine engine can do things to speed   |\n|                           | up the DELETE like ignoring merging of data    |\n|                           | blocks until all rows are deleted from the     |\n|                           | block (instead of when a block is half full).  |\n|                           | This speeds up things at the expanse of lost   |\n|                           | space in data blocks. At least MyISAM and      |\n|                           | Aria support this feature.                     |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| IGNORE                    | Don\'t stop the query even if a not-critical    |\n|                           | error occurs (like data overflow). See How     |\n|                           | IGNORE works for a full description.           |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n\nFor the single-table syntax, the DELETE statement deletes rows from tbl_name\nand returns a count of the number of deleted rows. This count can be obtained\nby calling the ROW_COUNT() function. The WHERE clause, if given, specifies the\nconditions that identify which rows to delete. With no WHERE clause, all rows\nare deleted. If the ORDER BY clause is specified, the rows are deleted in the\norder that is specified. The LIMIT clause places a limit on the number of rows\nthat can be deleted.\n\nFor the multiple-table syntax, DELETE deletes from each tbl_name the rows that\nsatisfy the conditions. In this case, ORDER BY and LIMIT> cannot be used. A\nDELETE can also reference tables which are located in different databases; see\nIdentifier Qualifiers for the syntax.\n\nwhere_condition is an expression that evaluates to true for each row to be\ndeleted. It is specified as described in SELECT.\n\nCurrently, you cannot delete from a table and select from the same table in a\nsubquery.\n\nYou need the DELETE privilege on a table to delete rows from it. You need only\nthe SELECT privilege for any columns that are only read, such as those named\nin the WHERE clause. See GRANT.\n\nAs stated, a DELETE statement with no WHERE clause deletes all rows. A faster\nway to do this, when you do not need to know the number of deleted rows, is to\nuse TRUNCATE TABLE. However, within a transaction or if you have a lock on the\ntable, TRUNCATE TABLE cannot be used whereas DELETE can. See TRUNCATE TABLE,\nand LOCK.\n\nPARTITION\n---------\n\nSee Partition Pruning and Selection for details.\n\nFOR PORTION OF\n--------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.4.3\n----------------------------\nSee Application Time Periods - Deletion by Portion.\n\nRETURNING\n---------\n\nIt is possible to return a resultset of the deleted rows for a single table to\nthe client by using the syntax DELETE ... RETURNING select_expr [,\nselect_expr2 ...]]\n\nAny of SQL expression that can be calculated from a single row fields is\nallowed. Subqueries are allowed. The AS keyword is allowed, so it is possible\nto use aliases.\n\nThe use of aggregate functions is not allowed. RETURNING cannot be used in\nmulti-table DELETEs.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3.1\n----------------------------\n\nSame Source and Target Table\n----------------------------\n\nUntil MariaDB 10.3.1, deleting from a table with the same source and target\nwas not possible. From MariaDB 10.3.1, this is now possible. For example:\n\nDELETE FROM t1 WHERE c1 IN (SELECT b.c1 FROM t1 b WHERE b.c2=0);\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3.4\n----------------------------\n\nDELETE HISTORY\n--------------\n\nOne can use DELETE HISTORY to delete historical information from\nSystem-versioned tables.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nHow to use the ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses:\n\nDELETE FROM page_hit ORDER BY timestamp LIMIT 1000000;\n\nHow to use the RETURNING clause:\n\nDELETE FROM t RETURNING f1;\n+------+\n| f1   |\n+------+\n|    5 |\n|   50 |\n|  500 |\n+------+\n\nThe following statement joins two tables: one is only used to satisfy a WHERE\ncondition, but no row is deleted from it; rows from the other table are\ndeleted, instead.\n\nDELETE post FROM blog INNER JOIN post WHERE blog.id = post.blog_id;\n\nDeleting from the Same Source and Target\n----------------------------------------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT);\nDELETE FROM t1 WHERE c1 IN (SELECT b.c1 FROM t1 b WHERE b.c2=0);\n\nUntil MariaDB 10.3.1, this returned:\n\nERROR 1093 (HY000): Table \'t1\' is specified twice, both as a target for\n\'DELETE\' \n and as a separate source for\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.1:\n\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/delete/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/delete/'),(413,'REPLACE',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nREPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]\n [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),...\n[RETURNING select_expr \n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nOr:\n\nREPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n  SET col={expr | DEFAULT}, ...\n[RETURNING select_expr \n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nOr:\n\nREPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n  SELECT ...\n[RETURNING select_expr \n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nREPLACE works exactly like INSERT, except that if an old row in the table has\nthe same value as a new row for a PRIMARY KEY or a UNIQUE index, the old row\nis deleted before the new row is inserted. If the table has more than one\nUNIQUE keys, it is possible that the new row conflicts with more than one row.\nIn this case, all conflicting rows will be deleted.\n\nThe table name can be specified in the form db_name.tbl_name or, if a default\ndatabase is selected, in the form tbl_name (see Identifier Qualifiers). This\nallows to use REPLACE ... SELECT to copy rows between different databases.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nThe RETURNING clause was introduced in MariaDB 10.5.0\n\nBasically it works like this:\n\nBEGIN;\nSELECT 1 FROM t1 WHERE key=# FOR UPDATE;\nIF found-row\n DELETE FROM t1 WHERE key=# ;\nENDIF\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (...);\nEND;\n\nThe above can be replaced with:\n\nREPLACE INTO t1 VALUES (...)\n\nREPLACE is a MariaDB/MySQL extension to the SQL standard. It either inserts,\nor deletes and inserts. For other MariaDB/MySQL extensions to standard SQL ---\nthat also handle duplicate values --- see IGNORE and INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY\nUPDATE.\n\nNote that unless the table has a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE index, using a REPLACE\nstatement makes no sense. It becomes equivalent to INSERT, because there is no\nindex to be used to determine whether a new row duplicates another.\n\nValues for all columns are taken from the values sSee Partition Pruning and\nSelection for details.pecified in the REPLACE statement. Any missing columns\nare set to their default values, just as happens for INSERT. You cannot refer\nto values from the current row and use them in the new row. If you use an\nassignment such as \'SET col = col + 1\', the reference to the column name on\nthe right hand side is treated as DEFAULT(col), so the assignment is\nequivalent to \'SET col = DEFAULT(col) + 1\'.\n\nTo use REPLACE, you must have both the INSERT and DELETE privileges for the\ntable.\n\nThere are some gotchas you should be aware of, before using REPLACE:\n\n* If there is an AUTO_INCREMENT field, a new value will be generated.\n* If there are foreign keys, ON DELETE action will be activated by REPLACE.\n* Triggers on DELETE and INSERT will be activated by REPLACE.\n\nTo avoid some of these behaviors, you can use INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY\nUPDATE.\n\nThis statement activates INSERT and DELETE triggers. See Trigger Overview for\ndetails.\n\nPARTITION\n---------\n\nSee Partition Pruning and Selection for details.\n\nREPLACE RETURNING\n-----------------\n\nREPLACE ... RETURNING returns a resultset of the replaced rows.\n\nThis returns the listed columns for all the rows that are replaced, or\nalternatively, the specified SELECT expression. Any SQL expressions which can\nbe calculated can be used in the select expression for the RETURNING clause,\nincluding virtual columns and aliases, expressions which use various operators\nsuch as bitwise, logical and arithmetic operators, string functions, date-time\nfunctions, numeric functions, control flow functions, secondary functions and\nstored functions. Along with this, statements which have subqueries and\nprepared statements can also be used.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSimple REPLACE statement\n\nREPLACE INTO t2 VALUES (1,\'Leopard\'),(2,\'Dog\') RETURNING id2, id2+id2 \nas Total ,id2|id2, id2&&id2;\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n| id2 | Total | id2|id2 | id2&&id2 |\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n|   1 |     2 |       1 |        1 |\n|   2 |     4 |       2 |        1 |\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n\nUsing stored functions in RETURNING\n\nDELIMITER |\nCREATE FUNCTION f(arg INT) RETURNS INT\n  BEGIN\n   RETURN (SELECT arg+arg);\n  END|\n\nDELIMITER ;\nPREPARE stmt FROM \"REPLACE INTO t2 SET id2=3, animal2=\'Fox\' RETURNING f2(id2),\nUPPER(animal2)\";\n\nEXECUTE stmt;\n+---------+----------------+\n| f2(id2) | UPPER(animal2) |\n+---------+----------------+\n|       6 | FOX            |\n+---------+----------------+\n\nSubqueries in the statement\n\nREPLACE INTO t1 SELECT * FROM t2 RETURNING (SELECT id2 FROM t2 WHERE \nid2 IN (SELECT id2 FROM t2 WHERE id2=1)) AS new_id;\n+--------+\n| new_id |\n+--------+\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n+--------+\n\nSubqueries in the RETURNING clause that return more than one row or column\ncannot be used..\n\nAggregate functions cannot be used in the RETURNING clause. Since aggregate\nfunctions work on a set of values and if the purpose is to get the row count,\nROW_COUNT() with SELECT can be used, or it can be used in REPLACE...SEL==\nDescription\n\nREPLACE ... RETURNING returns a resultset of the replaced rows.\n\nThis returns the listed columns for all the rows that are replaced, or\nalternatively, the specified SELECT expression. Any SQL expressions which can\nbe calculated can be used in the select expression for the RETURNING clause,\nincluding virtual columns and aliases, expressions which use various operators\nsuch as bitwise, logical and arithmetic operators, string functions, date-time\nfunctions, numeric functions, control flow functions, secondary functions and\nstored functions. Along with this, statements which have subqueries and\nprepared statements can also be used.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSimple REPLACE statement\n\nREPLACE INTO t2 VALUES (1,\'Leopard\'),(2,\'Dog\') RETURNING id2, id2+id2 \nas Total ,id2|id2, id2&&id2;\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n| id2 | Total | id2|id2 | id2&&id2 |\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n|   1 |     2 |       1 |        1 |\n|   2 |     4 |       2 |        1 |\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n\nUsing stored functions in RETURNING\n\nDELIMITER |\nCREATE FUNCTION f(arg INT) RETURNS INT\n  BEGIN\n   RETURN (SELECT arg+arg);\n  END|\n\nDELIMITER ;\nPREPARE stmt FROM \"REPLACE INTO t2 SET id2=3, animal2=\'Fox\' RETURNING f2(id2),\nUPPER(animal2)\";\n\nEXECUTE stmt;\n+---------+----------------+\n| f2(id2) | UPPER(animal2) |\n+---------+----------------+\n|       6 | FOX            |\n+---------+----------------+\n\nSubqueries in the statement\n\nREPLACE INTO t1 SELECT * FROM t2 RETURNING (SELECT id2 FROM t2 WHERE \nid2 IN (SELECT id2 FROM t2 WHERE id2=1)) AS new_id;\n+--------+\n| new_id |\n+--------+\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n+--------+\n\nSubqueries in the RETURNING clause that return more than one row or column\ncannot be used..\n\nAggregate functions cannot be used in the RETURNING clause. Since aggregate\nfunctions work on a set of values and if the purpose is to get the row count,\nROW_COUNT() with SELECT can be used, or it can be used in\nREPLACE...SELECT...RETURNING if the table in the RETURNING clause is not the\nsame as the REPLACE table. ECT...RETURNING if the table in the RETURNING\nclause is not the same as the REPLACE table.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/replace/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/replace/'),(414,'UPDATE',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nSingle-table syntax:\n\nUPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] table_reference \n [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n [FOR PORTION OF period FROM expr1 TO expr2]\n SET col1={expr1|DEFAULT} [,col2={expr2|DEFAULT}] ...\n [WHERE where_condition]\n [ORDER BY ...]\n [LIMIT row_count]\n\nMultiple-table syntax:\n\nUPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] table_references\n  SET col1={expr1|DEFAULT} [, col2={expr2|DEFAULT}] ...\n  [WHERE where_condition]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nFor the single-table syntax, the UPDATE statement updates columns of existing\nrows in the named table with new values. The SET clause indicates which\ncolumns to modify and the values they should be given. Each value can be given\nas an expression, or the keyword DEFAULT to set a column explicitly to its\ndefault value. The WHERE clause, if given, specifies the conditions that\nidentify which rows to update. With no WHERE clause, all rows are updated. If\nthe ORDER BY clause is specified, the rows are updated in the order that is\nspecified. The LIMIT clause places a limit on the number of rows that can be\nupdated.\n\nUntil MariaDB 10.3.2, for the multiple-table syntax, UPDATE updates rows in\neach table named in table_references that satisfy the conditions. In this\ncase, ORDER BY and LIMIT cannot be used. This restriction was lifted in\nMariaDB 10.3.2 and both clauses can be used with multiple-table updates. An\nUPDATE can also reference tables which are located in different databases; see\nIdentifier Qualifiers for the syntax.\n\nwhere_condition is an expression that evaluates to true for each row to be\nupdated.\n\ntable_references and where_condition are as specified as described in SELECT.\n\nFor single-table updates, assignments are evaluated in left-to-right order,\nwhile for multi-table updates, there is no guarantee of a particular order. If\nthe SIMULTANEOUS_ASSIGNMENT sql_mode (available from MariaDB 10.3.5) is set,\nUPDATE statements evaluate all assignments simultaneously.\n\nYou need the UPDATE privilege only for columns referenced in an UPDATE that\nare actually updated. You need only the SELECT privilege for any columns that\nare read but not modified. See GRANT.\n\nThe UPDATE statement supports the following modifiers:\n\n* If you use the LOW_PRIORITY keyword, execution of\n the UPDATE is delayed until no other clients are reading from\n the table. This affects only storage engines that use only table-level\n locking (MyISAM, MEMORY, MERGE). See HIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY clauses\nfor details.\n* If you use the IGNORE keyword, the update statement does \n not abort even if errors occur during the update. Rows for which\n duplicate-key conflicts occur are not updated. Rows for which columns are\n updated to values that would cause data conversion errors are updated to the\n closest valid values instead.\n\nPARTITION\n---------\n\nSee Partition Pruning and Selection for details.\n\nFOR PORTION OF\n--------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.4.3\n----------------------------\nSee Application Time Periods - Updating by Portion.\n\nUPDATE Statements With the Same Source and Target\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3.2\n----------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.2, UPDATE statements may have the same source and target.\n\nFor example, given the following table:\n\nDROP TABLE t1;\nCREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (10,10), (20,20);\n\nUntil MariaDB 10.3.1, the following UPDATE statement would not work:\n\nUPDATE t1 SET c1=c1+1 WHERE c2=(SELECT MAX(c2) FROM t1);\nERROR 1093 (HY000): Table \'t1\' is specified twice, \n both as a target for \'UPDATE\' and as a separate source for data\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.2, the statement executes successfully:\n\nUPDATE t1 SET c1=c1+1 WHERE c2=(SELECT MAX(c2) FROM t1);\n\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+------+------+\n| c1   | c2   |\n+------+------+\n|   10 |   10 |\n|   21 |   20 |\n+------+------+\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSingle-table syntax:\n\nUPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE id=100;\n\nMultiple-table syntax:\n\nUPDATE tab1, tab2 SET tab1.column1 = value1, tab1.column2 = value2 WHERE\ntab1.id = tab2.id;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/update/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/update/'),(419,'Row Subqueries',27,'A row subquery is a subquery returning a single row, as opposed to a scalar\nsubquery, which returns a single column from a row, or a literal.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE staff (name VARCHAR(10), age TINYINT);\n\nCREATE TABLE customer (name VARCHAR(10), age TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO staff VALUES (\'Bilhah\',37), (\'Valerius\',61), (\'Maia\',25);\n\nINSERT INTO customer VALUES (\'Thanasis\',48), (\'Valerius\',61), (\'Brion\',51);\n\nSELECT * FROM staff WHERE (name,age) = (SELECT name,age FROM customer WHERE\nname=\'Valerius\');\n+----------+------+\n| name     | age  |\n+----------+------+\n| Valerius |   61 |\n+----------+------+\n\nFinding all rows in one table also in another:\n\nSELECT name,age FROM staff WHERE (name,age) IN (SELECT name,age FROM customer);\n+----------+------+\n| name     | age  |\n+----------+------+\n| Valerius |   61 |\n+----------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-row-subqueries/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-row-subqueries/'),(415,'IGNORE',27,'The IGNORE option tells the server to ignore some common errors.\n\nIGNORE can be used with the following statements:\n\n* DELETE\n* INSERT (see also INSERT IGNORE)\n* LOAD DATA INFILE\n* UPDATE\n* ALTER TABLE\n* CREATE TABLE ... SELECT\n* INSERT ... SELECT\n\nThe logic used:\n\n* Variables out of ranges are replaced with the maximum/minimum value.\n\n* SQL_MODEs STRICT_TRANS_TABLES, STRICT_ALL_TABLES, NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,\nNO_ZERO_DATE are ignored.\n\n* Inserting NULL in a NOT NULL field will insert 0 ( in a numerical\n field), 0000-00-00 ( in a date field) or an empty string ( in a character\n field).\n\n* Rows that cause a duplicate key error or break a foreign key constraint are\n not inserted, updated, or deleted.\n\nThe following errors are ignored:\n\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| Error number        | Symbolic error name             | Description        |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1022                | ER_DUP_KEY                      | Can\'t write;       |\n|                     |                                 | duplicate key in   |\n|                     |                                 | table \'%s\'         |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1048                | ER_BAD_NULL_ERROR               | Column \'%s\'        |\n|                     |                                 | cannot be null     |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1062                | ER_DUP_ENTRY                    | Duplicate entry    |\n|                     |                                 | \'%s\' for key %d    |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1242                | ER_SUBQUERY_NO_1_ROW            | Subquery returns   |\n|                     |                                 | more than 1 row    |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1264                | ER_WARN_DATA_OUT_OF_RANGE       | Out of range       |\n|                     |                                 | value for column   |\n|                     |                                 | \'%s\' at row %ld    |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1265                | WARN_DATA_TRUNCATED             | Data truncated     |\n|                     |                                 | for column \'%s\'    |\n|                     |                                 | at row %ld         |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1292                | ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE        | Truncated          |\n|                     |                                 | incorrect %s       |\n|                     |                                 | value: \'%s\'        |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1366                | ER_TRUNCATED_WRONG_VALUE_FOR_FI | Incorrect integer  |\n|                     | LD                              | value              |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1369                | ER_VIEW_CHECK_FAILED            | CHECK OPTION       |\n|                     |                                 | failed \'%s.%s\'     |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1451                | ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED_2          | Cannot delete or   |\n|                     |                                 | update a parent    |\n|                     |                                 | row                |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1452                | ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW_2          | Cannot add or      |\n|                     |                                 | update a child     |\n|                     |                                 | row: a foreign     |\n|                     |                                 | key constraint     |\n|                     |                                 | fails (%s)         |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1526                | ER_NO_PARTITION_FOR_GIVEN_VALUE | Table has no       |\n|                     |                                 | partition for      |\n|                     |                                 | value %s           |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1586                | ER_DUP_ENTRY_WITH_KEY_NAME      | Duplicate entry    |\n|                     |                                 | \'%s\' for key \'%s\'  |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1591                | ER_NO_PARTITION_FOR_GIVEN_VALUE | Table has no       |\n|                     | SILENT                          | partition for      |\n|                     |                                 | some existing      |\n|                     |                                 | values             |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n| 1748                | ER_ROW_DOES_NOT_MATCH_GIVEN_PAR | Found a row not    |\n|                     | ITION_SET                       | matching the       |\n|                     |                                 | given partition    |\n|                     |                                 | set                |\n+---------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+\n\nIgnored errors normally generate a warning.\n\nA property of the IGNORE clause consists in causing transactional engines and\nnon-transactional engines (like XtraDB and Aria) to behave the same way. For\nexample, normally a multi-row insert which tries to violate a UNIQUE contraint\nis completely rolled back on XtraDB/InnoDB, but might be partially executed on\nAria. With the IGNORE clause, the statement will be partially executed in both\nengines.\n\nDuplicate key errors also generate warnings. The OLD_MODE server variable can\nbe used to prevent this.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ignore/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ignore/'),(416,'SELECT',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nSELECT\n  [ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW]\n  [HIGH_PRIORITY]\n  [STRAIGHT_JOIN]\n  [SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT]\n  [SQL_CACHE | SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS]\n  select_expr [, select_expr ...]\n  [ FROM table_references\n   [WHERE where_condition]\n   [GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]]\n   [HAVING where_condition]\n   [ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC], ...]\n   [LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset  [ROWS EXAMINED\nrows_limit] } |\n    [OFFSET start { ROW | ROWS }]\n    [FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } { ONLY | WITH TIES }]\n]\n   procedure|[PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)]\n   [INTO OUTFILE \'file_name\' [CHARACTER SET charset_name] [export_options] |\n    INTO DUMPFILE \'file_name\' | INTO var_name [, var_name] ]\n   [FOR UPDATE lock_option | LOCK IN SHARE MODE lock_option]\nexport_options:\n  [{FIELDS | COLUMNS}\n    [TERMINATED BY \'string\']\n    [[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY \'char\']\n    [ESCAPED BY \'char\']\n  ]\n  [LINES\n    [STARTING BY \'string\']\n    [TERMINATED BY \'string\']\n  ]\nlock_option:\n  [WAIT n | NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSELECT is used to retrieve rows selected from one or more tables, and can\ninclude UNION statements and subqueries.\n\n* Each select_expr expression indicates a column or data that you want to\nretrieve. You\nmust have at least one select expression. See Select Expressions below.\n\n* The FROM clause indicates the table or tables from which to retrieve rows.\nUse either a single table name or a JOIN expression. See JOIN\nfor details. If no table is involved, FROM DUAL can be specified.\n\n* Each table can also be specified as db_name.tabl_name. Each column can also\nbe specified as tbl_name.col_name or even db_name.tbl_name.col_name. This\nallows one to write queries which involve multiple databases. See Identifier\nQualifiers for syntax details.\n\n* The WHERE clause, if given, indicates the condition or\n conditions that rows must satisfy to be selected.\n where_condition is an expression that evaluates to true for\n each row to be selected. The statement selects all rows if there is no WHERE\n clause.\nIn the WHERE clause, you can use any of the functions and\n operators that MariaDB supports, except for aggregate (summary) functions.\nSee Functions and Operators and Functions and Modifiers for use with GROUP BY\n(aggregate).\n\n* Use the ORDER BY clause to order the results.\n\n* Use the LIMIT clause allows you to restrict the results to only\na certain number of rows, optionally with an offset.\n\n* Use the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses to group\nrows together when they have columns or computed values in common.\n\nSELECT can also be used to retrieve rows computed without reference to any\ntable.\n\nSelect Expressions\n------------------\n\nA SELECT statement must contain one or more select expressions, separated by\ncommas. Each select expression can be one of the following:\n\n* The name of a column.\n* Any expression using functions and operators.\n* * to select all columns from all tables in the FROM clause.\n* tbl_name.* to select all columns from just the table tbl_name.\n\nWhen specifying a column, you can either use just the column name or qualify\nthe column name with the name of the table using tbl_name.col_name. The\nqualified form is useful if you are joining multiple tables in the FROM\nclause. If you do not qualify the column names when selecting from multiple\ntables, MariaDB will try to find the column in each table. It is an error if\nthat column name exists in multiple tables.\n\nYou can quote column names using backticks. If you are qualifying column names\nwith table names, quote each part separately as `tbl_name`.`col_name`.\n\nIf you use any grouping functions in any of the select expressions, all rows\nin your results will be implicitly grouped, as if you had used GROUP BY NULL.\n\nDISTINCT\n--------\n\nA query may produce some identical rows. By default, all rows are retrieved,\neven when their values are the same. To explicitly specify that you want to\nretrieve identical rows, use the ALL option. If you want duplicates to be\nremoved from the resultset, use the DISTINCT option. DISTINCTROW is a synonym\nfor DISTINCT. See also COUNT DISTINCT and SELECT UNIQUE in Oracle mode.\n\nINTO\n----\n\nThe INTO clause is used to specify that the query results should be written to\na file or variable.\n\n* SELECT INTO OUTFILE - formatting and writing the result to an external file.\n* SELECT INTO DUMPFILE - binary-safe writing of the unformatted results to an\nexternal file.\n* SELECT INTO Variable - selecting and setting variables.\n\nThe reverse of SELECT INTO OUTFILE is LOAD DATA.\n\nLIMIT\n-----\n\nRestricts the number of returned rows. See LIMIT and LIMIT ROWS EXAMINED for\ndetails.\n\nLOCK IN SHARE MODE/FOR UPDATE\n-----------------------------\n\nSee LOCK IN SHARE MODE and FOR UPDATE for details on the respective locking\nclauses.\n\nOFFSET ... FETCH\n----------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6\n--------------------------\nSee SELECT ... OFFSET ... FETCH.\n\nORDER BY\n--------\n\nOrder a resultset. See ORDER BY for details.\n\nPARTITION\n---------\n\nSpecifies to the optimizer which partitions are relevant for the query. Other\npartitions will not be read. See Partition Pruning and Selection for details.\n\nPROCEDURE\n---------\n\nPasses the whole result set to a C Procedure. See PROCEDURE and PROCEDURE\nANALYSE (the only built-in procedure not requiring the server to be\nrecompiled).\n\nSKIP LOCKED\n-----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6\n--------------------------\nThe SKIP LOCKED clause was introduced in MariaDB 10.6.0.\n\nThis causes those rows that couldn\'t be locked (LOCK IN SHARE MODE or FOR\nUPDATE) to be excluded from the result set. An explicit NOWAIT is implied\nhere. This is only implemented on InnoDB tables and ignored otherwise.\n\nSQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS\n-------------------\n\nWhen SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS is used, then MariaDB will calculate how many rows\nwould have been in the result, if there would be no LIMIT clause. The result\ncan be found by calling the function FOUND_ROWS() in your next sql statement.\n\nmax_statement_time clause\n-------------------------\n\nBy using max_statement_time in conjunction with SET STATEMENT, it is possible\nto limit the execution time of individual queries. For example:\n\nSET STATEMENT max_statement_time=100 FOR \n SELECT field1 FROM table_name ORDER BY field1;\n\nWAIT/NOWAIT\n-----------\n\nSet the lock wait timeout. See WAIT and NOWAIT.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT f1,f2 FROM t1 WHERE (f3<=10) AND (f4=\'y\');\n\nSee Getting Data from MariaDB (Beginner tutorial), or the various\nsub-articles, for more examples.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select/'),(420,'Subqueries and ALL',27,'Subqueries using the ALL keyword will return true if the comparison returns\ntrue for each row returned by the subquery, or the subquery returns no rows.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nscalar_expression comparison_operator ALL <Table subquery>\n\n* scalar_expression may be any expression that evaluates to a single\nvalue\n* comparison_operator may be any one of: =, >, <, >=, <=, <> or !=\n\nALL returns:\n\n* NULL if the comparison operator returns NULL for at least one row returned\nby the Table subquery or scalar_expression returns NULL.\n* FALSE if the comparison operator returns FALSE for at least one row returned\nby the Table subquery.\n* TRUE if the comparison operator returns TRUE for all rows returned by the\nTable subquery, or if Table subquery returns no rows.\n\nNOT IN is an alias for <> ALL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE sq1 (num TINYINT);\n\nCREATE TABLE sq2 (num2 TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO sq1 VALUES(100);\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES(40),(50),(60);\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num > ALL (SELECT * FROM sq2);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|  100 |\n+------+\n\nSince 100 > all of 40,50 and 60, the evaluation is true and the row is returned\n\nAdding a second row to sq1, where the evaluation for that record is false:\n\nINSERT INTO sq1 VALUES(30);\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num > ALL (SELECT * FROM sq2);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|  100 |\n+------+\n\nAdding a new row to sq2, causing all evaluations to be false:\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES(120);\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num > ALL (SELECT * FROM sq2);\nEmpty set (0.00 sec)\n\nWhen the subquery returns no results, the evaluation is still true:\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num > ALL (SELECT * FROM sq2 WHERE num2 > 300);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|  100 |\n|   30 |\n+------+\n\nEvaluating against a NULL will cause the result to be unknown, or not true,\nand therefore return no rows:\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES (NULL);\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num > ALL (SELECT * FROM sq2);\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-and-all/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-and-all/'),(421,'Subqueries and ANY',27,'Subqueries using the ANY keyword will return true if the comparison returns\ntrue for at least one row returned by the subquery.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nThe required syntax for an ANY or SOME quantified comparison is:\n\nscalar_expression comparison_operator ANY <Table subquery>\n\nOr:\n\nscalar_expression comparison_operator SOME <Table subquery>\n\n* scalar_expression may be any expression that evaluates to a\nsingle value.\n* comparison_operator may be any one of =, >, <, >=, <=, <> or !=.\n\nANY returns:\n\n* TRUE if the comparison operator returns TRUE for at least one row returned\nby the Table subquery.\n* FALSE if the comparison operator returns FALSE for all rows returned by the\nTable subquery, or Table subquery has zero rows.\n* NULL if the comparison operator returns NULL for at least one row returned\nby the Table subquery and doesn\'t returns TRUE for any of them, or if\nscalar_expression returns NULL.\n\nSOME is a synmonym for ANY, and IN is a synonym for = ANY\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE sq1 (num TINYINT);\n\nCREATE TABLE sq2 (num2 TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO sq1 VALUES(100);\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES(40),(50),(120);\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num > ANY (SELECT * FROM sq2);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|  100 |\n+------+\n\n100 is greater than two of the three values, and so the expression evaluates\nas true.\n\nSOME is a synonym for ANY:\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num < SOME (SELECT * FROM sq2);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|  100 |\n+------+\n\nIN is a synonym for = ANY, and here there are no matches, so no results are\nreturned:\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num IN (SELECT * FROM sq2);\nEmpty set (0.00 sec)\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES(100);\nQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num <> ANY (SELECT * FROM sq2);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|  100 |\n+------+\n\nReading this query, the results may be counter-intuitive. It may seem to read\nas \"SELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num does not match any results in sq2. Since it\ndoes match 100, it could seem that the results are incorrect. However, the\nquery returns a result if the match does not match any of sq2. Since 100\nalready does not match 40, the expression evaluates to true immediately,\nregardless of the 100\'s matching. It may be more easily readable to use SOME\nin a case such as this:\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE num <> SOME (SELECT * FROM sq2);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|  100 |\n+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-and-any/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-and-any/'),(422,'Subqueries and EXISTS',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nSELECT ... WHERE EXISTS <Table subquery>\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSubqueries using the EXISTS keyword will return true if the subquery returns\nany rows. Conversely, subqueries using NOT EXISTS will return true only if the\nsubquery returns no rows from the table.\n\nEXISTS subqueries ignore the columns specified by the SELECT of the subquery,\nsince they\'re not relevant. For example,\n\nSELECT col1 FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t2);\n\nand\n\nSELECT col1 FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT col2 FROM t2);\n\nproduce identical results.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE sq1 (num TINYINT);\n\nCREATE TABLE sq2 (num2 TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO sq1 VALUES(100);\n\nINSERT INTO sq2 VALUES(40),(50),(60);\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sq2 WHERE num2>50);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|  100 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT * FROM sq1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sq2 GROUP BY num2 HAVING\nMIN(num2)=40);\nEmpty set (0.00 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-and-exists/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-and-exists/'),(423,'Subqueries in a FROM Clause',27,'Although subqueries are more commonly placed in a WHERE clause, they can also\nform part of the FROM clause. Such subqueries are commonly called derived\ntables.\n\nIf a subquery is used in this way, you must also use an AS clause to name the\nresult of the subquery.\n\nORACLE mode\n-----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.0\n----------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.6.0, anonymous subqueries in a FROM clause (no AS clause) are\npermitted in ORACLE mode.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE student (name CHAR(10), test CHAR(10), score TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO student VALUES \n (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73),\n (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31),\n (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88),\n (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87), (\'Tatiana\', \'Tuning\', 83);\n\nAssume that, given the data above, you want to return the average total for\nall students. In other words, the average of Chun\'s 148 (75+73), Esben\'s 74\n(43+31), etc.\n\nYou cannot do the following:\n\nSELECT AVG(SUM(score)) FROM student GROUP BY name;\nERROR 1111 (HY000): Invalid use of group function\n\nA subquery in the FROM clause is however permitted:\n\nSELECT AVG(sq_sum) FROM (SELECT SUM(score) AS sq_sum FROM student GROUP BY\nname) AS t;\n+-------------+\n| AVG(sq_sum) |\n+-------------+\n|    134.0000 |\n+-------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.6 in ORACLE mode, the following is permitted:\n\nSELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 FROM DUAL), (SELECT 2 FROM DUAL);\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-in-a-from-clause/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-in-a-from-clause/'),(424,'Subqueries and JOINs',27,'A subquery can quite often, but not in all cases, be rewritten as a JOIN.\n\nRewriting Subqueries as JOINS\n-----------------------------\n\nA subquery using IN can be rewritten with the DISTINCT keyword, for example:\n\nSELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 IN (SELECT col1 FROM table2);\n\ncan be rewritten as:\n\nSELECT DISTINCT table1.* FROM table1, table2 WHERE table1.col1=table2.col1;\n\nNOT IN or NOT EXISTS queries can also be rewritten. For example, these two\nqueries returns the same result:\n\nSELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 NOT IN (SELECT col1 FROM table2);\nSELECT * FROM table1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT col1 FROM table2 WHERE\ntable1.col1=table2.col1);\n\nand both can be rewritten as:\n\nSELECT table1.* FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id WHERE\ntable2.id IS NULL;\n\nSubqueries that can be rewritten as a LEFT JOIN are sometimes more efficient.\n\nUsing Subqueries instead of JOINS\n---------------------------------\n\nThere are some scenarios, though, which call for subqueries rather than joins:\n\n* When you want duplicates, but not false duplicates. Suppose Table_1\n has three rows — {1,1,2}\n — and Table_2 has two rows\n — {1,2,2}. If you need to list the rows\n in Table_1 which are also in Table_2, only this\n subquery-based SELECT statement will give the right answer\n (1,1,2):\n\nSELECT Table_1.column_1 \nFROM   Table_1 \nWHERE  Table_1.column_1 IN \n (SELECT Table_2.column_1\n  FROM   Table_2);\n\n* This SQL statement won\'t work:\n\nSELECT Table_1.column_1 \nFROM   Table_1,Table_2 \nWHERE  Table_1.column_1 = Table_2.column_1;\n\n* because the result will be {1,1,2,2}\n — and the duplication of 2 is an error.  This SQL\n statement won\'t work either:\n\nSELECT DISTINCT Table_1.column_1 \nFROM   Table_1,Table_2 \nWHERE  Table_1.column_1 = Table_2.column_1;\n\n* because the result will be {1,2} — and\n the removal of the duplicated 1 is an error too.\n\n* When the outermost statement is not a query. The SQL statement:\n\nUPDATE Table_1 SET column_1 = (SELECT column_1 FROM Table_2);\n\n* can\'t be expressed using a join unless some rare SQL3 features are used.\n\n* When the join is over an expression. The SQL statement:\n\nSELECT * FROM Table_1 \nWHERE column_1 + 5 =\n (SELECT MAX(column_1) FROM Table_2);\n\n* is hard to express with a join. In fact, the only way we can think of is\n this SQL statement:\n\nSELECT Table_1.*\nFROM   Table_1, \n   (SELECT MAX(column_1) AS max_column_1 FROM Table_2) AS Table_2\nWHERE  Table_1.column_1 + 5 = Table_2.max_column_1;\n\n* which still involves a parenthesized query, so nothing is gained from the\n transformation.\n\n* When you want to see the exception. For example, suppose the question is:\n what books are longer than Das Kapital? These two queries are effectively\n almost the same:\n\nSELECT DISTINCT Bookcolumn_1.*                     \nFROM   Books AS Bookcolumn_1 JOIN Books AS Bookcolumn_2 USING(page_count) \nWHERE  title = \'Das Kapital\';\n\nSELECT DISTINCT Bookcolumn_1.* \nFROM   Books AS Bookcolumn_1 \nWHERE  Bookcolumn_1.page_count > \n (SELECT DISTINCT page_count\n FROM   Books AS Bookcolumn_2\n WHERE  title = \'Das Kapital\');\n\n* The difference is between these two SQL statements is, if there are two\n editions of Das Kapital (with different page counts), then the self-join\n example will return the books which are  longer than the shortest edition\n of Das Kapital. That might be the wrong answer, since the original\n question didn\'t ask for \"... longer than ANY book named Das Kapital\"\n (it seems to contain a false assumption that there\'s only one edition).\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-and-joins/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subqueries-and-joins/'),(425,'Subquery Limitations',27,'There are a number of limitations regarding subqueries, which are discussed\nbelow. The following tables and data will be used in the examples that follow:\n\nCREATE TABLE staff(name VARCHAR(10),age TINYINT);\n\nCREATE TABLE customer(name VARCHAR(10),age TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO staff VALUES \n(\'Bilhah\',37), (\'Valerius\',61), (\'Maia\',25);\n\nINSERT INTO customer VALUES \n(\'Thanasis\',48), (\'Valerius\',61), (\'Brion\',51);\n\nORDER BY and LIMIT\n------------------\n\nTo use ORDER BY or limit LIMIT in subqueries both must be used.. For example:\n\nSELECT * FROM staff WHERE name IN (SELECT name FROM customer ORDER BY name);\n+----------+------+\n| name     | age  |\n+----------+------+\n| Valerius |   61 |\n+----------+------+\n\nis valid, but\n\nSELECT * FROM staff WHERE name IN (SELECT NAME FROM customer ORDER BY name\nLIMIT 1);\nERROR 1235 (42000): This version of MariaDB doesn\'t \n yet support \'LIMIT & IN/ALL/ANY/SOME subquery\'\n\nis not.\n\nModifying and Selecting from the Same Table\n-------------------------------------------\n\nIt\'s not possible to both modify and select from the same table in a subquery.\nFor example:\n\nDELETE FROM staff WHERE name = (SELECT name FROM staff WHERE age=61);\nERROR 1093 (HY000): Table \'staff\' is specified twice, both \n as a target for \'DELETE\' and as a separate source for data\n\nRow Comparison Operations\n-------------------------\n\nThere is only partial support for row comparison operations. The expression in\n\nexpr op {ALL|ANY|SOME} subquery,\n\nmust be scalar and the subquery can only return a single column.\n\nHowever, because of the way IN is implemented (it is rewritten as a sequence\nof = comparisons and AND), the expression in\n\nexpression [NOT] IN subquery\n\nis permitted to be an n-tuple and the subquery can return rows of n-tuples.\n\nFor example:\n\nSELECT * FROM staff WHERE (name,age) NOT IN (\n SELECT name,age FROM customer WHERE age >=51]\n);\n+--------+------+\n| name   | age  |\n+--------+------+\n| Bilhah |   37 |\n| Maia   |   25 |\n+--------+------+\n\nis permitted, but\n\nSELECT * FROM staff WHERE (name,age) = ALL (\n SELECT name,age FROM customer WHERE age >=51\n);\nERROR 1241 (21000): Operand should contain 1 column(s)\n\nis not.\n\nCorrelated Subqueries\n---------------------\n\nSubqueries in the FROM clause cannot be correlated subqueries. They cannot be\nevaluated for each row of the outer query since they are evaluated to produce\na result set during when the query is executed.\n\nStored Functions\n----------------\n\nA subquery can refer to a stored function which modifies data. This is an\nextension to the SQL standard, but can result in indeterminate outcomes. For\nexample, take:\n\nSELECT ... WHERE x IN (SELECT f() ...);\n\nwhere f() inserts rows. The function f() could be executed a different number\nof times depending on how the optimizer chooses to handle the query.\n\nThis sort of construct is therefore not safe to use in replication that is not\nrow-based, as there could be different results on the master and the slave.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subquery-limitations/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subquery-limitations/'),(429,'Precedence Control in Table Operations',27,'MariaDB starting with 10.4.0\n----------------------------\nBeginning in MariaDB 10.4, you can control the ordering of execution on table\noperations using parentheses.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\n(  expression )\n[ORDER BY [column[, column...]]]\n[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nUsing parentheses in your SQL allows you to control the order of execution for\nSELECT statements and Table Value Constructor, including UNION, EXCEPT, and\nINTERSECT operations. MariaDB executes the parenthetical expression before the\nrest of the statement. You can then use ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses the further\norganize the result-set.\n\nNote: In practice, the Optimizer may rearrange the exact order in which\nMariaDB executes different parts of the statement. When it calculates the\nresult-set, however, it returns values as though the parenthetical expression\nwere executed first.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nCREATE TABLE test.t1 (num INT);\n\nINSERT INTO test.t1 VALUES (1),(2),(3);\n\n(SELECT * FROM test.t1 \n UNION \n VALUES (10)) \nINTERSECT \nVALUES (1),(3),(10),(11);\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    3 |\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\n((SELECT * FROM test.t1 \n UNION\n VALUES (10))\n INTERSECT \n VALUES (1),(3),(10),(11)) \nORDER BY 1 DESC;\n+------+\n| num  |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n|    3 |\n|    1 |\n+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/precedence-control-in-table-operations/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/precedence-control-in-table-operations/'),(434,'Non-Recursive Common Table Expressions Overview',27,'Common Table Expressions (CTEs) are a standard SQL feature, and are\nessentially temporary named result sets. There are two kinds of CTEs:\nNon-Recursive, which this article covers; and Recursive.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.2.1\n----------------------------\nCommon table expressions were introduced in MariaDB 10.2.1.\n\nNon-Recursive CTEs\n------------------\n\nThe WITH keyword signifies a CTE. It is given a name, followed by a body (the\nmain query) as follows:\n\nCTEs are similar to derived tables. For example\n\nWITH engineers AS \n ( SELECT * FROM employees\n  WHERE dept = \'Engineering\' )\n\nSELECT * FROM engineers\nWHERE ...\n\nSELECT * FROM\n ( SELECT * FROM employees\n  WHERE dept = \'Engineering\' ) AS engineers\nWHERE\n...\n\nA non-recursive CTE is basically a query-local VIEW. There are several\nadvantages and caveats to them. The syntax is more readable than nested FROM\n(SELECT ...). A CTE can refer to another and it can be referenced from\nmultiple places.\n\nA CTE referencing Another CTE\n-----------------------------\n\nUsing this format makes for a more readable SQL than a nested FROM(SELECT ...)\nclause. Below is an example of this:\n\nWITH engineers AS (\nSELECT * FROM employees\nWHERE dept IN(\'Development\',\'Support\') ),\neu_engineers AS ( SELECT * FROM engineers WHERE country IN(\'NL\',...) )\nSELECT\n...\nFROM eu_engineers;\n\nMultiple Uses of a CTE\n----------------------\n\nThis can be an \'anti-self join\', for example:\n\nWITH engineers AS (\nSELECT * FROM employees\nWHERE dept IN(\'Development\',\'Support\') )\n\nSELECT * FROM engineers E1\nWHERE NOT EXISTS\n (SELECT 1 FROM engineers E2\n  WHERE E2.country=E1.country\n  AND E2.name <> E1.name );\n\nOr, for year-over-year comparisons, for example:\n\nWITH sales_product_year AS (\nSELECT product, YEAR(ship_date) AS year,\nSUM(price) AS total_amt\nFROM item_sales\nGROUP BY product, year )\n\nSELECT *\nFROM sales_product_year CUR,\nsales_product_year PREV,\nWHERE CUR.product=PREV.product \nAND  CUR.year=PREV.year + 1 \nAND CUR.total_amt > PREV.total_amt\n\nAnother use is to compare individuals against their group. Below is an example\nof how this might be executed:\n\nWITH sales_product_year AS (\nSELECT product,\nYEAR(ship_date) AS year,\nSUM(price) AS total_amt\nFROM item_sales\nGROUP BY product, year\n)\n\nSELECT * \nFROM sales_product_year S1\nWHERE\ntotal_amt > \n  (SELECT 0.1 * SUM(total_amt)\n  FROM sales_product_year S2\n  WHERE S2.year = S1.year)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/non-recursive-common-table-expressions-overview/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/non-recursive-common-table-expressions-overview/'),(426,'UNION',27,'UNION is used to combine the results from multiple SELECT statements into a\nsingle result set.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSELECT ...\nUNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT ...\n[UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT ...]\n[ORDER BY [column [, column ...]]]\n[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nUNION is used to combine the results from multiple SELECT statements into a\nsingle result set.\n\nThe column names from the first SELECT statement are used as the column names\nfor the results returned. Selected columns listed in corresponding positions\nof each SELECT statement should have the same data type. (For example, the\nfirst column selected by the first statement should have the same type as the\nfirst column selected by the other statements.)\n\nIf they don\'t, the type and length of the columns in the result take into\naccount the values returned by all of the SELECTs, so there is no need for\nexplicit casting. Note that currently this is not the case for recursive CTEs\n- see MDEV-12325.\n\nTable names can be specified as db_name.tbl_name. This permits writing UNIONs\nwhich involve multiple databases. See Identifier Qualifiers for syntax details.\n\nUNION queries cannot be used with aggregate functions.\n\nEXCEPT and UNION have the same operation precedence and INTERSECT has a higher\nprecedence, unless running in Oracle mode, in which case all three have the\nsame precedence.\n\nALL/DISTINCT\n------------\n\nThe ALL keyword causes duplicate rows to be preserved. The DISTINCT keyword\n(the default if the keyword is omitted) causes duplicate rows to be removed by\nthe results.\n\nUNION ALL and UNION DISTINCT can both be present in a query. In this case,\nUNION DISTINCT will override any UNION ALLs to its left.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.1.1\n----------------------------\nUntil MariaDB 10.1.1, all UNION ALL statements required the server to create a\ntemporary table. Since MariaDB 10.1.1, the server can in most cases execute\nUNION ALL without creating a temporary table, improving performance (see\nMDEV-334).\n\nORDER BY and LIMIT\n------------------\n\nIndividual SELECTs can contain their own ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses. In this\ncase, the individual queries need to be wrapped between parentheses. However,\nthis does not affect the order of the UNION, so they only are useful to limit\nthe record read by one SELECT.\n\nThe UNION can have global ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses, which affect the whole\nresultset. If the columns retrieved by individual SELECT statements have an\nalias (AS), the ORDER BY must use that alias, not the real column names.\n\nHIGH_PRIORITY\n-------------\n\nSpecifying a query as HIGH_PRIORITY will not work inside a UNION. If applied\nto the first SELECT, it will be ignored. Applying to a later SELECT results in\na syntax error:\n\nERROR 1234 (42000): Incorrect usage/placement of \'HIGH_PRIORITY\'\n\nSELECT ... INTO ...\n-------------------\n\nIndividual SELECTs cannot be written INTO DUMPFILE or INTO OUTFILE. If the\nlast SELECT statement specifies INTO DUMPFILE or INTO OUTFILE, the entire\nresult of the UNION will be written. Placing the clause after any other SELECT\nwill result in a syntax error.\n\nIf the result is a single row, SELECT ... INTO @var_name can also be used.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.4.0\n----------------------------\n\nParentheses\n-----------\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.4.0, parentheses can be used to specify precedence. Before\nthis, a syntax error would be returned.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nUNION between tables having different column names:\n\n(SELECT e_name AS name, email FROM employees)\nUNION\n(SELECT c_name AS name, email FROM customers);\n\nSpecifying the UNION\'s global order and limiting total rows:\n\n(SELECT name, email FROM employees)\nUNION\n(SELECT name, email FROM customers)\nORDER BY name LIMIT 10;\n\nAdding a constant row:\n\n(SELECT \'John Doe\' AS name, \'john.doe@example.net\' AS email)\nUNION\n(SELECT name, email FROM customers);\n\nDiffering types:\n\nSELECT CAST(\'x\' AS CHAR(1)) UNION SELECT REPEAT(\'y\',4);\n+----------------------+\n| CAST(\'x\' AS CHAR(1)) |\n+----------------------+\n| x                    |\n| yyyy                 |\n+----------------------+\n\nReturning the results in order of each individual SELECT by use of a sort\ncolumn:\n\n(SELECT 1 AS sort_column, e_name AS name, email FROM employees)\nUNION\n(SELECT 2, c_name AS name, email FROM customers) ORDER BY sort_column;\n\nDifference between UNION, EXCEPT and INTERSECT. INTERSECT ALL and EXCEPT ALL\nare available from MariaDB 10.5.0.\n\nCREATE TABLE seqs (i INT);\nINSERT INTO seqs VALUES (1),(2),(2),(3),(3),(4),(5),(6);\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 UNION SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 UNION ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 EXCEPT SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 EXCEPT ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    2 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 INTERSECT SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    3 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 INTERSECT ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n+------+\n\nParentheses for specifying precedence, from MariaDB 10.4.0\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 (a INT);\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t2 (b INT);\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t3 (c INT);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1),(2),(3),(4);\nINSERT INTO t2 VALUES (5),(6);\nINSERT INTO t3 VALUES (1),(6);\n\n((SELECT a FROM t1) UNION (SELECT b FROM t2)) INTERSECT (SELECT c FROM t3);\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\n(SELECT a FROM t1) UNION ((SELECT b FROM t2) INTERSECT (SELECT c FROM t3));\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/union/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/union/'),(427,'EXCEPT',27,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.0\n----------------------------\nEXCEPT was introduced in MariaDB 10.3.0.\n\nThe result of EXCEPT is all records of the left SELECT result set except\nrecords which are in right SELECT result set, i.e. it is subtraction of two\nresult sets. From MariaDB 10.6.1, MINUS is a synonym.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSELECT ...\n(INTERSECT [ALL | DISTINCT] | EXCEPT [ALL | DISTINCT] | UNION [ALL |\nDISTINCT]) SELECT ...\n[(INTERSECT [ALL | DISTINCT] | EXCEPT [ALL | DISTINCT] | UNION [ALL |\nDISTINCT]) SELECT ...]\n[ORDER BY [{col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC] [, {col_name | expr |\nposition} [ASC | DESC] ...]]]\n[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}\n| OFFSET start { ROW | ROWS }\n| FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } { ONLY | WITH TIES } ]\n\nPlease note:\n\n* Brackets for explicit operation precedence are not supported; use a subquery\nin the FROM clause as a workaround).\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nMariaDB has supported EXCEPT and INTERSECT in addition to UNION since MariaDB\n10.3.\n\nThe queries before and after EXCEPT must be SELECT or VALUES statements.\n\nAll behavior for naming columns, ORDER BY and LIMIT is the same as for UNION.\nNote that the alternative SELECT ... OFFSET ... FETCH syntax is only\nsupported. This allows us to use the WITH TIES clause.\n\nEXCEPT implicitly supposes a DISTINCT operation.\n\nThe result of EXCEPT is all records of the left SELECT result except records\nwhich are in right SELECT result set, i.e. it is subtraction of two result\nsets.\n\nEXCEPT and UNION have the same operation precedence and INTERSECT has a higher\nprecedence, unless running in Oracle mode, in which case all three have the\nsame precedence.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.4.0\n----------------------------\n\nParentheses\n-----------\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.4.0, parentheses can be used to specify precedence. Before\nthis, a syntax error would be returned.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\n\nALL/DISTINCT\n------------\n\nEXCEPT ALL and EXCEPT DISTINCT were introduced in MariaDB 10.5.0. The ALL\noperator leaves duplicates intact, while the DISTINCT operator removes\nduplicates. DISTINCT is the default behavior if neither operator is supplied,\nand the only behavior prior to MariaDB 10.5.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nShow customers which are not employees:\n\n(SELECT e_name AS name, email FROM customers)\nEXCEPT\n(SELECT c_name AS name, email FROM employees);\n\nDifference between UNION, EXCEPT and INTERSECT. INTERSECT ALL and EXCEPT ALL\nare available from MariaDB 10.5.0.\n\nCREATE TABLE seqs (i INT);\nINSERT INTO seqs VALUES (1),(2),(2),(3),(3),(4),(5),(6);\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 UNION SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 UNION ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 EXCEPT SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 EXCEPT ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    2 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 INTERSECT SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    3 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 INTERSECT ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n+------+\n\nParentheses for specifying precedence, from MariaDB 10.4.0\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 (a INT);\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t2 (b INT);\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t3 (c INT);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1),(2),(3),(4);\nINSERT INTO t2 VALUES (5),(6);\nINSERT INTO t3 VALUES (1),(6);\n\n((SELECT a FROM t1) UNION (SELECT b FROM t2)) EXCEPT (SELECT c FROM t3);\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n+------+\n\n(SELECT a FROM t1) UNION ((SELECT b FROM t2) EXCEPT (SELECT c FROM t3));\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n+------+\n\nHere is an example that makes use of the SEQUENCE storage engine and the\nVALUES statement, to generate a numeric sequence and remove some arbitrary\nnumbers from it:\n\n(SELECT seq FROM seq_1_to_10) EXCEPT VALUES (2), (3), (4);\n+-----+\n| seq |\n+-----+\n|   1 |\n|   5 |\n|   6 |\n|   7 |\n|   8 |\n|   9 |\n|  10 |\n+-----+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/except/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/except/'),(437,'SELECT INTO OUTFILE',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nSELECT ... INTO OUTFILE \'file_name\'\n    [CHARACTER SET charset_name]\n    [export_options]\n\nexport_options:\n  [{FIELDS | COLUMNS}\n    [TERMINATED BY \'string\']\n    [[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY \'char\']\n    [ESCAPED BY \'char\']\n  ]\n  [LINES\n    [STARTING BY \'string\']\n    [TERMINATED BY \'string\']\n  ]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSELECT INTO OUTFILE writes the resulting rows to a file, and allows the use of\ncolumn and row terminators to specify a particular output format. The default\nis to terminate fields with tabs (\\t) and lines with newlines (\\n).\n\nThe file must not exist. It cannot be overwritten. A user needs the FILE\nprivilege to run this statement. Also, MariaDB needs permission to write files\nin the specified location. If the secure_file_priv system variable is set to a\nnon-empty directory name, the file can only be written to that directory.\n\nThe LOAD DATA INFILE statement complements SELECT INTO OUTFILE.\n\nCharacter-sets\n--------------\n\nThe CHARACTER SET clause specifies the character set in which the results are\nto be written. Without the clause, no conversion takes place (the binary\ncharacter set). In this case, if there are multiple character sets, the output\nwill contain these too, and may not easily be able to be reloaded.\n\nIn cases where you have two servers using different character-sets, using\nSELECT INTO OUTFILE to transfer data from one to the other can have unexpected\nresults. To ensure that MariaDB correctly interprets the escape sequences, use\nthe CHARACTER SET clause on both the SELECT INTO OUTFILE statement and the\nsubsequent LOAD DATA INFILE statement.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nThe following example produces a file in the CSV format:\n\nSELECT customer_id, firstname, surname from customer\n INTO OUTFILE \'/exportdata/customers.txt\'\n FIELDS TERMINATED BY \',\' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY \'\"\'\n LINES TERMINATED BY \'\\n\';\n\nThe following ANSI syntax is also supported for simple SELECT without UNION\n\nSELECT customer_id, firstname, surname INTO OUTFILE \'/exportdata/customers.txt\'\n FIELDS TERMINATED BY \',\' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY \'\"\'\n LINES TERMINATED BY \'\\n\'\n FROM customers;\n\nIf you want to use the ANSI syntax with UNION or similar construct you have to\nuse the syntax:\n\nSELECT  * INTO OUTFILE \"/tmp/skr3\" FROM (SELECT * FROM t1 UNION SELECT * FROM\nt1);\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select-into-outfile/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select-into-outfile/'),(428,'INTERSECT',27,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.0\n----------------------------\nINTERSECT was introduced in MariaDB 10.3.0.\n\nThe result of an intersect is the intersection of right and left SELECT\nresults, i.e. only records that are present in both result sets will be\nincluded in the result of the operation.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSELECT ...\n(INTERSECT [ALL | DISTINCT] | EXCEPT [ALL | DISTINCT] | UNION [ALL |\nDISTINCT]) SELECT ...\n[(INTERSECT [ALL | DISTINCT] | EXCEPT [ALL | DISTINCT] | UNION [ALL |\nDISTINCT]) SELECT ...]\n[ORDER BY [column [, column ...]]]\n[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nMariaDB has supported INTERSECT (as well as EXCEPT) in addition to UNION since\nMariaDB 10.3.\n\nAll behavior for naming columns, ORDER BY and LIMIT is the same as for UNION.\n\nINTERSECT implicitly supposes a DISTINCT operation.\n\nThe result of an intersect is the intersection of right and left SELECT\nresults, i.e. only records that are present in both result sets will be\nincluded in the result of the operation.\n\nINTERSECT has higher precedence than UNION and EXCEPT (unless running running\nin Oracle mode, in which case all three have the same precedence). If possible\nit will be executed linearly but if not it will be translated to a subquery in\nthe FROM clause:\n\n(select a,b from t1)\nunion\n(select c,d from t2)\nintersect\n(select e,f from t3)\nunion\n(select 4,4);\n\nwill be translated to:\n\n(select a,b from t1)\nunion\nselect c,d from\n ((select c,d from t2)\n intersect\n (select e,f from t3)) dummy_subselect\nunion\n(select 4,4)\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.4.0\n----------------------------\n\nParentheses\n-----------\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.4.0, parentheses can be used to specify precedence. Before\nthis, a syntax error would be returned.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\n\nALL/DISTINCT\n------------\n\nINTERSECT ALL and INTERSECT DISTINCT were introduced in MariaDB 10.5.0. The\nALL operator leaves duplicates intact, while the DISTINCT operator removes\nduplicates. DISTINCT is the default behavior if neither operator is supplied,\nand the only behavior prior to MariaDB 10.5.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nShow customers which are employees:\n\n(SELECT e_name AS name, email FROM employees)\nINTERSECT\n(SELECT c_name AS name, email FROM customers);\n\nDifference between UNION, EXCEPT and INTERSECT. INTERSECT ALL and EXCEPT ALL\nare available from MariaDB 10.5.0.\n\nCREATE TABLE seqs (i INT);\nINSERT INTO seqs VALUES (1),(2),(2),(3),(3),(4),(5),(6);\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 UNION SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 UNION ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 EXCEPT SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 EXCEPT ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    2 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 INTERSECT SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    3 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i <= 3 INTERSECT ALL SELECT i FROM seqs WHERE i>=3;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    3 |\n|    3 |\n+------+\n\nParentheses for specifying precedence, from MariaDB 10.4.0\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 (a INT);\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t2 (b INT);\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t3 (c INT);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1),(2),(3),(4);\nINSERT INTO t2 VALUES (5),(6);\nINSERT INTO t3 VALUES (1),(6);\n\n((SELECT a FROM t1) UNION (SELECT b FROM t2)) INTERSECT (SELECT c FROM t3);\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\n(SELECT a FROM t1) UNION ((SELECT b FROM t2) INTERSECT (SELECT c FROM t3));\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    6 |\n+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/intersect/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/intersect/'),(438,'SELECT INTO DUMPFILE',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nSELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE \'file_path\'\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE is a SELECT clause which writes the resultset into a\nsingle unformatted row, without any separators, in a file. The results will\nnot be returned to the client.\n\nfile_path can be an absolute path, or a relative path starting from the data\ndirectory. It can only be specified as a string literal, not as a variable.\nHowever, the statement can be dynamically composed and executed as a prepared\nstatement to work around this limitation.\n\nThis statement is binary-safe and so is particularly useful for writing BLOB\nvalues to file. It can be used, for example, to copy an image or an audio\ndocument from the database to a file. SELECT ... INTO FILE can be used to save\na text file.\n\nThe file must not exist. It cannot be overwritten. A user needs the FILE\nprivilege to run this statement. Also, MariaDB needs permission to write files\nin the specified location. If the secure_file_priv system variable is set to a\nnon-empty directory name, the file can only be written to that directory.\n\nSince MariaDB 5.1, the character_set_filesystem system variable has controlled\ninterpretation of file names that are given as literal strings.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSELECT _utf8\'Hello world!\' INTO DUMPFILE \'/tmp/world\';\n\nSELECT LOAD_FILE(\'/tmp/world\') AS world;\n+--------------+\n| world        |\n+--------------+\n| Hello world! |\n+--------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select-into-dumpfile/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select-into-dumpfile/'),(430,'LIMIT',27,'Description\n-----------\n\nUse the LIMIT clause to restrict the number of returned rows. When you use a\nsingle integer n with LIMIT, the first n rows will be returned. Use the ORDER\nBY clause to control which rows come first. You can also select a number of\nrows after an offset using either of the following:\n\nLIMIT offset, row_count\nLIMIT row_count OFFSET offset\n\nWhen you provide an offset m with a limit n, the first m rows will be ignored,\nand the following n rows will be returned.\n\nExecuting an UPDATE with the LIMIT clause is not safe for replication. LIMIT 0\nis an exception to this rule (see MDEV-6170).\n\nThere is a LIMIT ROWS EXAMINED optimization which provides the means to\nterminate the execution of SELECT statements which examine too many rows, and\nthus use too many resources. See LIMIT ROWS EXAMINED.\n\nMulti-Table Updates\n-------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3.2\n----------------------------\nUntil MariaDB 10.3.1, it was not possible to use LIMIT (or ORDER BY) in a\nmulti-table UPDATE statement. This restriction was lifted in MariaDB 10.3.2.\n\nGROUP_CONCAT\n------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3.2\n----------------------------\nStarting from MariaDB 10.3.3, it is possible to use LIMIT with GROUP_CONCAT().\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE members (name VARCHAR(20));\nINSERT INTO members VALUES(\'Jagdish\'),(\'Kenny\'),(\'Rokurou\'),(\'Immaculada\');\n\nSELECT * FROM members;\n+------------+\n| name       |\n+------------+\n| Jagdish    |\n| Kenny      |\n| Rokurou    |\n| Immaculada |\n+------------+\n\nSelect the first two names (no ordering specified):\n\nSELECT * FROM members LIMIT 2;\n+---------+\n| name    |\n+---------+\n| Jagdish |\n| Kenny   |\n+---------+\n\nAll the names in alphabetical order:\n\nSELECT * FROM members ORDER BY name;\n+------------+\n| name       |\n+------------+\n| Immaculada |\n| Jagdish    |\n| Kenny      |\n| Rokurou    |\n+------------+\n\nThe first two names, ordered alphabetically:\n\nSELECT * FROM members ORDER BY name LIMIT 2;\n+------------+\n| name       |\n+------------+\n| Immaculada |\n| Jagdish    |\n+------------+\n\nThe third name, ordered alphabetically (the first name would be offset zero,\nso the third is offset two):\n\nSELECT * FROM members ORDER BY name LIMIT 2,1;\n+-------+\n| name  |\n+-------+\n| Kenny |\n+-------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.2, LIMIT can be used in a multi-table update:\n\nCREATE TABLE warehouse (product_id INT, qty INT);\nINSERT INTO warehouse VALUES (1,100),(2,100),(3,100),(4,100);\n\nCREATE TABLE store (product_id INT, qty INT);\nINSERT INTO store VALUES (1,5),(2,5),(3,5),(4,5);\n\nUPDATE warehouse,store SET warehouse.qty = warehouse.qty-2, store.qty =\nstore.qty+2 \n WHERE (warehouse.product_id = store.product_id AND store.product_id  >= 1)\n  ORDER BY store.product_id DESC LIMIT 2;\n\nSELECT * FROM warehouse;\n+------------+------+\n| product_id | qty  |\n+------------+------+\n|          1 |  100 |\n|          2 |  100 |\n|          3 |   98 |\n|          4 |   98 |\n+------------+------+\n\nSELECT * FROM store;\n+------------+------+\n| product_id | qty  |\n+------------+------+\n|          1 |    5 |\n|          2 |    5 |\n|          3 |    7 |\n|          4 |    7 |\n+------------+------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.3, LIMIT can be used with GROUP_CONCAT, so, for example,\ngiven the following table:\n\nCREATE TABLE d (dd DATE, cc INT);\n\nINSERT INTO d VALUES (\'2017-01-01\',1);\nINSERT INTO d VALUES (\'2017-01-02\',2);\nINSERT INTO d VALUES (\'2017-01-04\',3);\n\nthe following query:\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX(GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(\":\",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc\nDESC),\",\",1) FROM d;\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING_INDEX(GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(\":\",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC),\",\",1) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2017-01-04:3                                                               |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\ncan be more simply rewritten as:\n\nSELECT GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(\":\",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC LIMIT 1) FROM d;\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT_WS(\":\",dd,cc) ORDER BY cc DESC LIMIT 1) |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2017-01-04:3                                                |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/limit/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/limit/'),(439,'FOR UPDATE',27,'InnoDB supports row-level locking. Selected rows can be locked using LOCK IN\nSHARE MODE or FOR UPDATE. In both cases, a lock is acquired on the rows read\nby the query, and it will be released when the current transaction is\ncommitted.\n\nThe FOR UPDATE clause of SELECT applies only when autocommit is set to 0 or\nthe SELECT is enclosed in a transaction. A lock is acquired on the rows, and\nother transactions are prevented from writing the rows, acquire locks, and\nfrom reading them (unless their isolation level is READ UNCOMMITTED).\n\nIf autocommit is set to 1, the LOCK IN SHARE MODE and FOR UPDATE clauses have\nno effect.\n\nIf the isolation level is set to SERIALIZABLE, all plain SELECT statements are\nconverted to SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSELECT * FROM trans WHERE period=2001 FOR UPDATE;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/for-update/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/for-update/'),(431,'ORDER BY',27,'Description\n-----------\n\nUse the ORDER BY clause to order a resultset, such as that are returned from a\nSELECT statement. You can specify just a column or use any expression with\nfunctions. If you are using the GROUP BY clause, you can use grouping\nfunctions in ORDER BY. Ordering is done after grouping.\n\nYou can use multiple ordering expressions, separated by commas. Rows will be\nsorted by the first expression, then by the second expression if they have the\nsame value for the first, and so on.\n\nYou can use the keywords ASC and DESC after each ordering expression to force\nthat ordering to be ascending or descending, respectively. Ordering is\nascending by default.\n\nYou can also use a single integer as the ordering expression. If you use an\ninteger n, the results will be ordered by the nth column in the select\nexpression.\n\nWhen string values are compared, they are compared as if by the STRCMP\nfunction. STRCMP ignores trailing whitespace and may normalize characters and\nignore case, depending on the collation in use.\n\nDuplicated entries in the ORDER BY clause are removed.\n\nORDER BY can also be used to order the activities of a DELETE or UPDATE\nstatement (usually with the LIMIT clause).\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3.2\n----------------------------\nUntil MariaDB 10.3.1, it was not possible to use ORDER BY (or LIMIT) in a\nmulti-table UPDATE statement. This restriction was lifted in MariaDB 10.3.2.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5\n--------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.5, MariaDB allows packed sort keys and values of non-sorted\nfields in the sort buffer. This can make filesort temporary files much smaller\nwhen VARCHAR, CHAR or BLOBs are used, notably speeding up some ORDER BY sorts.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE seq (i INT, x VARCHAR(1));\nINSERT INTO seq VALUES (1,\'a\'), (2,\'b\'), (3,\'b\'), (4,\'f\'), (5,\'e\');\n\nSELECT * FROM seq ORDER BY i;\n+------+------+\n| i    | x    |\n+------+------+\n|    1 | a    |\n|    2 | b    |\n|    3 | b    |\n|    4 | f    |\n|    5 | e    |\n+------+------+\n\nSELECT * FROM seq ORDER BY i DESC;\n+------+------+\n| i    | x    |\n+------+------+\n|    5 | e    |\n|    4 | f    |\n|    3 | b    |\n|    2 | b    |\n|    1 | a    |\n+------+------+\n\nSELECT * FROM seq ORDER BY x,i;\n+------+------+\n| i    | x    |\n+------+------+\n|    1 | a    |\n|    2 | b    |\n|    3 | b    |\n|    5 | e    |\n|    4 | f    |\n+------+------+\n\nORDER BY in an UPDATE statement, in conjunction with LIMIT:\n\nUPDATE seq SET x=\'z\' WHERE x=\'b\' ORDER BY i DESC LIMIT 1;\n\nSELECT * FROM seq;\n+------+------+\n| i    | x    |\n+------+------+\n|    1 | a    |\n|    2 | b    |\n|    3 | z    |\n|    4 | f    |\n|    5 | e    |\n+------+------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.2, ORDER BY can be used in a multi-table update:\n\nCREATE TABLE warehouse (product_id INT, qty INT);\nINSERT INTO warehouse VALUES (1,100),(2,100),(3,100),(4,100);\n\nCREATE TABLE store (product_id INT, qty INT);\nINSERT INTO store VALUES (1,5),(2,5),(3,5),(4,5);\n\nUPDATE warehouse,store SET warehouse.qty = warehouse.qty-2, store.qty =\nstore.qty+2 \n WHERE (warehouse.product_id = store.product_id AND store.product_id  >= 1)\n  ORDER BY store.product_id DESC LIMIT 2;\n\nSELECT * FROM warehouse;\n+------------+------+\n| product_id | qty  |\n+------------+------+\n|          1 |  100 |\n|          2 |  100 |\n|          3 |   98 |\n|          4 |   98 |\n+------------+------+\n\nSELECT * FROM store;\n+------------+------+\n| product_id | qty  |\n+------------+------+\n|          1 |    5 |\n|          2 |    5 |\n|          3 |    7 |\n|          4 |    7 |\n+------------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/order-by/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/order-by/'),(441,'Optimizer Hints',27,'Optimizer hints\n---------------\n\nThere are some options available in SELECT to affect the execution plan. These\nare known as optimizer hints.\n\nHIGH PRIORITY\n-------------\n\nHIGH_PRIORITY gives the statement a higher priority. If the table is locked,\nhigh priority SELECTs will be executed as soon as the lock is released, even\nif other statements are queued. HIGH_PRIORITY applies only if the storage\nengine only supports table-level locking (MyISAM, MEMORY, MERGE). See\nHIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY clauses for details.\n\nSQL_CACHE / SQL_NO_CACHE\n------------------------\n\nIf the query_cache_type system variable is set to 2 or DEMAND, and the current\nstatement is cacheable, SQL_CACHE causes the query to be cached and\nSQL_NO_CACHE causes the query not to be cached. For UNIONs, SQL_CACHE or\nSQL_NO_CACHE should be specified for the first query. See also The Query Cache\nfor more detail and a list of the types of statements that aren\'t cacheable.\n\nSQL_BUFFER_RESULT\n-----------------\n\nSQL_BUFFER_RESULT forces the optimizer to use a temporary table to process the\nresult. This is useful to free locks as soon as possible.\n\nSQL_SMALL_RESULT / SQL_BIG_RESULT\n---------------------------------\n\nSQL_SMALL_RESULT and SQL_BIG_RESULT tell the optimizer whether the result is\nvery big or not. Usually, GROUP BY and DISTINCT operations are performed using\na temporary table. Only if the result is very big, using a temporary table is\nnot convenient. The optimizer automatically knows if the result is too big,\nbut you can force the optimizer to use a temporary table with\nSQL_SMALL_RESULT, or avoid the temporary table using SQL_BIG_RESULT.\n\nSTRAIGHT_JOIN\n-------------\n\nSTRAIGHT_JOIN applies to the JOIN queries, and tells the optimizer that the\ntables must be read in the order they appear in the SELECT. For const and\nsystem table this options is sometimes ignored.\n\nSQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS\n-------------------\n\nSQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS is only applied when using the LIMIT clause. If this\noption is used, MariaDB will count how many rows would match the query,\nwithout the LIMIT clause. That number can be retrieved in the next query,\nusing FOUND_ROWS().\n\nUSE/FORCE/IGNORE INDEX\n----------------------\n\nUSE INDEX, FORCE INDEX and IGNORE INDEX constrain the query planning to a\nspecific index.\n\nFor further information about some of these options, see How to force query\nplans.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/optimizer-hints/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/optimizer-hints/'),(432,'GROUP BY',27,'Use the GROUP BY clause in a SELECT statement to group rows together that have\nthe same value in one or more column, or the same computed value using\nexpressions with any functions and operators except grouping functions. When\nyou use a GROUP BY clause, you will get a single result row for each group of\nrows that have the same value for the expression given in GROUP BY.\n\nWhen grouping rows, grouping values are compared as if by the = operator. For\nstring values, the = operator ignores trailing whitespace and may normalize\ncharacters and ignore case, depending on the collation in use.\n\nYou can use any of the grouping functions in your select expression. Their\nvalues will be calculated based on all the rows that have been grouped\ntogether for each result row. If you select a non-grouped column or a value\ncomputed from a non-grouped column, it is undefined which row the returned\nvalue is taken from. This is not permitted if the ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY SQL_MODE\nis used.\n\nYou can use multiple expressions in the GROUP BY clause, separated by commas.\nRows are grouped together if they match on each of the expressions.\n\nYou can also use a single integer as the grouping expression. If you use an\ninteger n, the results will be grouped by the nth column in the select\nexpression.\n\nThe WHERE clause is applied before the GROUP BY clause. It filters\nnon-aggregated rows before the rows are grouped together. To filter grouped\nrows based on aggregate values, use the HAVING clause. The HAVING clause takes\nany expression and evaluates it as a boolean, just like the WHERE clause. You\ncan use grouping functions in the HAVING clause. As with the select\nexpression, if you reference non-grouped columns in the HAVING clause, the\nbehavior is undefined.\n\nBy default, if a GROUP BY clause is present, the rows in the output will be\nsorted by the expressions used in the GROUP BY. You can also specify ASC or\nDESC (ascending, descending) after those expressions, like in ORDER BY. The\ndefault is ASC.\n\nIf you want the rows to be sorted by another field, you can add an explicit\nORDER BY. If you don\'t want the result to be ordered, you can add ORDER BY\nNULL.\n\nWITH ROLLUP\n-----------\n\nThe WITH ROLLUP modifer adds extra rows to the resultset that represent\nsuper-aggregate summaries. For a full description with examples, see SELECT\nWITH ROLLUP.\n\nGROUP BY Examples\n-----------------\n\nConsider the following table that records how many times each user has played\nand won a game:\n\nCREATE TABLE plays (name VARCHAR(16), plays INT, wins INT);\nINSERT INTO plays VALUES \n (\"John\", 20, 5),\n (\"Robert\", 22, 8),\n (\"Wanda\", 32, 8),\n (\"Susan\", 17, 3);\n\nGet a list of win counts along with a count:\n\nSELECT wins, COUNT(*) FROM plays GROUP BY wins;\n+------+----------+\n| wins | COUNT(*) |\n+------+----------+\n|    3 |        1 |\n|    5 |        1 |\n|    8 |        2 |\n+------+----------+\n3 rows in set (0.00 sec)\n\nThe GROUP BY expression can be a computed value, and can refer back to an\nidentifer specified with AS. Get a list of win averages along with a count:\n\nSELECT (wins / plays) AS winavg, COUNT(*) FROM plays GROUP BY winavg;\n+--------+----------+\n| winavg | COUNT(*) |\n+--------+----------+\n| 0.1765 |        1 |\n| 0.2500 |        2 |\n| 0.3636 |        1 |\n+--------+----------+\n3 rows in set (0.00 sec)\n\nYou can use any grouping function in the select expression. For each win\naverage as above, get a list of the average play count taken to get that\naverage:\n\nSELECT (wins / plays) AS winavg, AVG(plays) FROM plays \n GROUP BY winavg;\n+--------+------------+\n| winavg | AVG(plays) |\n+--------+------------+\n| 0.1765 |    17.0000 |\n| 0.2500 |    26.0000 |\n| 0.3636 |    22.0000 |\n+--------+------------+\n3 rows in set (0.00 sec)\n\nYou can filter on aggregate information using the HAVING clause. The HAVING\nclause is applied after GROUP BY and allows you to filter on aggregate data\nthat is not available to the WHERE clause. Restrict the above example to\nresults that involve an average number of plays over 20:\n\nSELECT (wins / plays) AS winavg, AVG(plays) FROM plays \n GROUP BY winavg HAVING AVG(plays) > 20;\n+--------+------------+\n| winavg | AVG(plays) |\n+--------+------------+\n| 0.2500 |    26.0000 |\n| 0.3636 |    22.0000 |\n+--------+------------+\n2 rows in set (0.00 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/group-by/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/group-by/'),(444,'SELECT ... OFFSET ... FETCH',27,'MariaDB starting with 10.6.0\n----------------------------\nSELECT ... OFFSET ... FETCH was introduced in MariaDB 10.6.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nOFFSET start { ROW | ROWS }\nFETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } { ONLY | WITH TIES }\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe OFFSET clause allows one to return only those elements of a resultset that\ncome after a specified offset. The FETCH clause specifies the number of rows\nto return, while ONLY or WITH TIES specifies whether or not to also return any\nfurther results that tie for last place according to the ordered resultset.\n\nEither the singular ROW or the plural ROWS can be used after the OFFSET and\nFETCH clauses; the choice has no impact on the results.\n\nIn the case of WITH TIES, an ORDER BY clause is required, otherwise an ERROR\nwill be returned.\n\nSELECT i FROM t1 FETCH FIRST 2 ROWS WITH TIES;\nERROR 4180 (HY000): FETCH ... WITH TIES requires ORDER BY clause to be present\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nGiven a table with 6 rows:\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 (i INT);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1),(2),(3),(4), (4), (5);\nSELECT i FROM t1 ORDER BY i ASC;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n+------+\n\nOFFSET 2 allows one to skip the first two results.\n\nSELECT i FROM t1 ORDER BY i ASC OFFSET 2 ROWS;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    4 |\n|    5 |\n+------+\n\nFETCH FIRST 3 ROWS ONLY limits the results to three rows only\n\nSELECT i FROM t1 ORDER BY i ASC OFFSET 1 ROWS FETCH FIRST 3 ROWS ONLY;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n+------+\n\nThe same outcome can also be achieved with the LIMIT clause:\n\nSELECT i FROM t1 ORDER BY i ASC LIMIT 3 OFFSET 1;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n+------+\n\nWITH TIES ensures the tied result 4 is also returned.\n\nSELECT i FROM t1 ORDER BY i ASC OFFSET 1 ROWS FETCH FIRST 3 ROWS WITH TIES;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n|    4 |\n|    4 |\n+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select-offset-fetch/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select-offset-fetch/'),(433,'WITH',27,'MariaDB starting with 10.2.1\n----------------------------\nCommon Table Expressions were introduced in MariaDB 10.2.1.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nWITH [RECURSIVE] table_reference [(columns_list)] AS  (\n SELECT ...\n)\n[CYCLE cycle_column_list RESTRICT]\nSELECT ...\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe WITH keyword signifies a Common Table Expression (CTE). It allows you to\nrefer to a subquery expression many times in a query, as if having a temporary\ntable that only exists for the duration of a query.\n\nThere are two kinds of CTEs:\n\n* Non-Recursive\n* Recursive (signified by the RECURSIVE keyword, supported since MariaDB\n10.2.2)\n\nYou can use table_reference as any normal table in the external SELECT part.\nYou can also use WITH in subqueries, as well as with EXPLAIN and SELECT.\n\nPoorly-formed recursive CTEs can in theory cause infinite loops. The\nmax_recursive_iterations system variable limits the number of recursions.\n\nCYCLE ... RESTRICT\n------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.2\n----------------------------\nThe CYCLE clause enables CTE cycle detection, avoiding excessive or infinite\nloops, MariaDB supports a relaxed, non-standard grammar.\n\nThe SQL Standard permits a CYCLE clause, as follows:\n\nWITH RECURSIVE ... (\n ...\n)\nCYCLE <cycle column list>\nSET <cycle mark column> TO <cycle mark value> DEFAULT <non-cycle mark value>\nUSING <path column>\n\nwhere all clauses are mandatory.\n\nMariaDB does not support this, but from 10.5.2 permits a non-standard relaxed\ngrammar, as follows:\n\nWITH RECURSIVE ... (\n ...\n)\nCYCLE <cycle column list> RESTRICT\n\nWith the use of CYCLE ... RESTRICT it makes no difference whether the CTE uses\nUNION ALL or UNION DISTINCT anymore. UNION ALL means \"all rows, but without\ncycles\", which is exactly what the CYCLE clause enables. And UNION DISTINCT\nmeans all rows should be different, which, again, is what will happen — as\nuniqueness is enforced over a subset of columns, complete rows will\nautomatically all be different.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nBelow is an example with the WITH at the top level:\n\nWITH t AS (SELECT a FROM t1 WHERE b >= \'c\') \n SELECT * FROM t2, t WHERE t2.c = t.a;\n\nThe example below uses WITH in a subquery:\n\nSELECT t1.a, t1.b FROM t1, t2\n WHERE t1.a > t2.c\n  AND t2.c IN(WITH t AS (SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a < 5)\n        SELECT t2.c FROM t2, t WHERE t2.c = t.a);\n\nBelow is an example of a Recursive CTE:\n\nWITH RECURSIVE ancestors AS \n ( SELECT * FROM folks\n WHERE name=\"Alex\"\n UNION\n SELECT f.*\n FROM folks AS f, ancestors AS a\n WHERE f.id = a.father OR f.id = a.mother )\nSELECT * FROM ancestors;\n\nTake the following structure, and data,\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (from_ int, to_ int);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1,2), (1,100), (2,3), (3,4), (4,1);\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+-------+------+\n| from_ | to_  |\n+-------+------+\n|     1 |    2 |\n|     1 |  100 |\n|     2 |    3 |\n|     3 |    4 |\n|     4 |    1 |\n+-------+------+\n\nGiven the above, the following query would theoretically result in an infinite\nloop due to the last record in t1 (note that max_recursive_iterations is set\nto 10 for the purposes of this example, to avoid the excessive number of\ncycles):\n\nSET max_recursive_iterations=10;\n\nWITH RECURSIVE cte (depth, from_, to_) AS ( \n SELECT 0,1,1 UNION DISTINCT SELECT depth+1, t1.from_, t1.to_\n  FROM t1, cte  WHERE t1.from_ = cte.to_\n) \nSELECT * FROM cte;\n+-------+-------+------+\n| depth | from_ | to_  |\n+-------+-------+------+\n|     0 |     1 |    1 |\n|     1 |     1 |    2 |\n|     1 |     1 |  100 |\n|     2 |     2 |    3 |\n|     3 |     3 |    4 |\n|     4 |     4 |    1 |\n|     5 |     1 |    2 |\n|     5 |     1 |  100 |\n|     6 |     2 |    3 |\n|     7 |     3 |    4 |\n|     8 |     4 |    1 |\n|     9 |     1 |    2 |\n|     9 |     1 |  100 |\n|    10 |     2 |    3 |\n+-------+-------+------+\n\nHowever, the CYCLE ... RESTRICT clause (from MariaDB 10.5.2) can overcome this:\n\nWITH RECURSIVE cte (depth, from_, to_) AS ( \n SELECT 0,1,1 UNION SELECT depth+1, t1.from_, t1.to_\n  FROM t1, cte WHERE t1.from_ = cte.to_\n) \nCYCLE from_, to_ RESTRICT \nSELECT * FROM cte;\n+-------+-------+------+\n| depth | from_ | to_  |\n+-------+-------+------+\n|     0 |     1 |    1 |\n|     1 |     1 |    2 |\n|     1 |     1 |  100 |\n|     2 |     2 |    3 |\n|     3 |     3 |    4 |\n|     4 |     4 |    1 |\n+-------+-------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/with/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/with/'),(447,'INSERT SELECT',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]\n  SELECT ...\n  [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE col_name=expr, ... ]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nWith INSERT ... SELECT, you can quickly insert many rows into a table from one\nor more other tables. For example:\n\nINSERT INTO tbl_temp2 (fld_id)\n SELECT tbl_temp1.fld_order_id\n FROM tbl_temp1 WHERE tbl_temp1.fld_order_id > 100;\n\ntbl_name can also be specified in the form db_name.tbl_name (see Identifier\nQualifiers). This allows to copy rows between different databases.\n\nIf the new table has a primary key or UNIQUE indexes, you can use IGNORE to\nhandle duplicate key errors during the query. The newer values will not be\ninserted if an identical value already exists.\n\nREPLACE can be used instead of INSERT to prevent duplicates on UNIQUE indexes\nby deleting old values. In that case, ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE cannot be used.\n\nINSERT ... SELECT works for tables which already exist. To create a table for\na given resultset, you can use CREATE TABLE ... SELECT.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-select/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-select/'),(435,'Recursive Common Table Expressions Overview',27,'MariaDB starting with 10.2.2\n----------------------------\nRecursive Common Table Expressions have been supported since MariaDB 10.2.2.\n\nCommon Table Expressions (CTEs) are a standard SQL feature, and are\nessentially temporary named result sets. CTEs first appeared in the SQL\nstandard in 1999, and the first implementations began appearing in 2007.\n\nThere are two kinds of CTEs:\n\n* Non-recursive\n* Recursive, which this article covers.\n\nSQL is generally poor at recursive structures.\n\nCTEs permit a query to reference itself. A recursive CTE will repeatedly\nexecute subsets of the data until it obtains the complete result set. This\nmakes it particularly useful for handing hierarchical or tree-structured data.\nmax_recursive_iterations avoids infinite loops.\n\nSyntax example\n--------------\n\nWITH RECURSIVE signifies a recursive CTE. It is given a name, followed by a\nbody (the main query) as follows:\n\nComputation\n-----------\n\nGiven the following structure:\n\nFirst execute the anchor part of the query:\n\nNext, execute the recursive part of the query:\n\nSummary so far\n--------------\n\nwith recursive R as (\n select anchor_data\n union [all]\n select recursive_part\n from R, ...\n)\nselect ...\n\n* Compute anchor_data\n* Compute recursive_part to get the new data\n* if (new data is non-empty) goto 2;\n\nCAST to avoid truncating data\n-----------------------------\n\nAs currently implemented by MariaDB and by the SQL Standard, data may be\ntruncated if not correctly cast. It is necessary to CAST the column to the\ncorrect width if the CTE\'s recursive part produces wider values for a column\nthan the CTE\'s nonrecursive part. Some other DBMS give an error in this\nsituation, and MariaDB\'s behavior may change in future - see MDEV-12325. See\nthe examples below.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nTransitive closure - determining bus destinations\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nSample data:\n\nCREATE TABLE bus_routes (origin varchar(50), dst varchar(50));\nINSERT INTO bus_routes VALUES \n (\'New York\', \'Boston\'),\n (\'Boston\', \'New York\'),\n (\'New York\', \'Washington\'),\n (\'Washington\', \'Boston\'),\n (\'Washington\', \'Raleigh\');\n\nNow, we want to return the bus destinations with New York as the origin:\n\nWITH RECURSIVE bus_dst as ( \n  SELECT origin as dst FROM bus_routes WHERE origin=\'New York\'\n UNION\n  SELECT bus_routes.dst FROM bus_routes JOIN bus_dst ON bus_dst.dst=\nbus_routes.origin \n) \nSELECT * FROM bus_dst;\n+------------+\n| dst        |\n+------------+\n| New York   |\n| Boston     |\n| Washington |\n| Raleigh    |\n+------------+\n\nThe above example is computed as follows:\n\nFirst, the anchor data is calculated:\n\n* Starting from New York\n* Boston and Washington are added\n\nNext, the recursive part:\n\n* Starting from Boston and then Washington\n* Raleigh is added\n* UNION excludes nodes that are already present.\n\nComputing paths - determining bus routes\n----------------------------------------\n\nThis time, we are trying to get bus routes such as \"New York -> Washington ->\nRaleigh\".\n\nUsing the same sample data as the previous example:\n\nWITH RECURSIVE paths (cur_path, cur_dest) AS (\n  SELECT origin, origin FROM bus_routes WHERE origin=\'New York\'\n UNION\n  SELECT CONCAT(paths.cur_path, \',\', bus_routes.dst), bus_routes.dst\n  FROM paths\n  JOIN bus_routes\n   ON paths.cur_dest = bus_routes.origin AND\n    NOT FIND_IN_SET(bus_routes.dst, paths.cur_path)\n) \nSELECT * FROM paths;\n+-----------------------------+------------+\n| cur_path                    | cur_dest   |\n+-----------------------------+------------+\n| New York                    | New York   |\n| New York,Boston             | Boston     |\n| New York,Washington         | Washington |\n| New York,Washington,Boston  | Boston     |\n| New York,Washington,Raleigh | Raleigh    |\n+-----------------------------+------------+\n\nCAST to avoid data truncation\n-----------------------------\n\nIn the following example, data is truncated because the results are not\nspecifically cast to a wide enough type:\n\nWITH RECURSIVE tbl AS (\n SELECT NULL AS col\n UNION\n SELECT \"THIS NEVER SHOWS UP\" AS col FROM tbl\n)\nSELECT col FROM tbl\n+------+\n| col  |\n+------+\n| NULL |\n|      |\n+------+\n\nExplicitly use CAST to overcome this:\n\nWITH RECURSIVE tbl AS (\n SELECT CAST(NULL AS CHAR(50)) AS col\n UNION SELECT \"THIS NEVER SHOWS UP\" AS col FROM tbl\n)  \nSELECT * FROM tbl;\n+---------------------+\n| col                 |\n+---------------------+\n| NULL                |\n| THIS NEVER SHOWS UP |\n+---------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/recursive-common-table-expressions-overview/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/recursive-common-table-expressions-overview/'),(449,'LOAD XML',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nLOAD XML [LOW_PRIORITY | CONCURRENT] [LOCAL] INFILE \'file_name\'\n  [REPLACE | IGNORE]\n  INTO TABLE [db_name.]tbl_name\n  [CHARACTER SET charset_name]\n  [ROWS IDENTIFIED BY \'<tagname>\']\n  [IGNORE number {LINES | ROWS}]\n  [(column_or_user_var,...)]\n  [SET col_name = expr,...]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe LOAD XML statement reads data from an XML file into a table. The file_name\nmust be given as a literal string. The tagname in the optional ROWS IDENTIFIED\nBY clause must also be given as a literal string, and must be surrounded by\nangle brackets (< and >).\n\nLOAD XML acts as the complement of running the mysql client in XML output mode\n(that is, starting the client with the --xml option). To write data from a\ntable to an XML file, use a command such as the following one from the system\nshell:\n\nshell> mysql --xml -e \'SELECT * FROM mytable\' > file.xml\n\nTo read the file back into a table, use LOAD XML INFILE. By default, the <row>\nelement is considered to be the equivalent of a database table row; this can\nbe changed using the ROWS IDENTIFIED BY clause.\n\nThis statement supports three different XML formats:\n\n* Column names as attributes and column values as attribute values:\n\n<row column1=\"value1\" column2=\"value2\" .../>\n\n* Column names as tags and column values as the content of these tags:\n\n<row>\n <column1>value1</column1>\n <column2>value2</column2>\n</row>\n\n* Column names are the name attributes of <field> tags, and values are\n the contents of these tags:\n\n<row>\n <field name=\'column1\'>value1</field>\n <field name=\'column2\'>value2</field>\n</row>\n\nThis is the format used by other tools, such as mysqldump.\n\nAll 3 formats can be used in the same XML file; the import routine\nautomatically detects the format for each row and interprets it correctly.\nTags are matched based on the tag or attribute name and the column name.\n\nThe following clauses work essentially the same way for LOAD XML as they do\nfor LOAD DATA:\n\n* LOW_PRIORITY or CONCURRENT\n* LOCAL\n* REPLACE or IGNORE\n* CHARACTER SET\n* (column_or_user_var,...)\n* SET\n\nSee LOAD DATA for more information about these clauses.\n\nThe IGNORE number LINES or IGNORE number ROWS clause causes the first number\nrows in the XML file to be skipped. It is analogous to the LOAD DATA\nstatement\'s IGNORE ... LINES clause.\n\nIf the LOW_PRIORITY keyword is used, insertions are delayed until no other\nclients are reading from the table. The CONCURRENT keyword allowes the use of\nconcurrent inserts. These clauses cannot be specified together.\n\nThis statement activates INSERT triggers.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/load-xml/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/load-xml/'),(436,'SELECT WITH ROLLUP',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nSee SELECT for the full syntax.\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe WITH ROLLUP modifier adds extra rows to the resultset that represent\nsuper-aggregate summaries. The super-aggregated column is represented by a\nNULL value. Multiple aggregates over different columns will be added if there\nare multiple GROUP BY columns.\n\nThe LIMIT clause can be used at the same time, and is applied after the WITH\nROLLUP rows have been added.\n\nWITH ROLLUP cannot be used with ORDER BY. Some sorting is still possible by\nusing ASC or DESC clauses with the GROUP BY column, although the\nsuper-aggregate rows will always be added last.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nThese examples use the following sample table\n\nCREATE TABLE booksales ( \n country VARCHAR(35), genre ENUM(\'fiction\',\'non-fiction\'), year YEAR, sales\nINT);\n\nINSERT INTO booksales VALUES\n (\'Senegal\',\'fiction\',2014,12234), (\'Senegal\',\'fiction\',2015,15647),\n (\'Senegal\',\'non-fiction\',2014,64980), (\'Senegal\',\'non-fiction\',2015,78901),\n (\'Paraguay\',\'fiction\',2014,87970), (\'Paraguay\',\'fiction\',2015,76940),\n (\'Paraguay\',\'non-fiction\',2014,8760), (\'Paraguay\',\'non-fiction\',2015,9030);\n\nThe addition of the WITH ROLLUP modifier in this example adds an extra row\nthat aggregates both years:\n\nSELECT year, SUM(sales) FROM booksales GROUP BY year;\n+------+------------+\n| year | SUM(sales) |\n+------+------------+\n| 2014 |     173944 |\n| 2015 |     180518 |\n+------+------------+\n2 rows in set (0.08 sec)\n\nSELECT year, SUM(sales) FROM booksales GROUP BY year WITH ROLLUP;\n+------+------------+\n| year | SUM(sales) |\n+------+------------+\n| 2014 |     173944 |\n| 2015 |     180518 |\n| NULL |     354462 |\n+------+------------+\n\nIn the following example, each time the genre, the year or the country change,\nanother super-aggregate row is added:\n\nSELECT country, year, genre, SUM(sales) \n FROM booksales GROUP BY country, year, genre;\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n| country  | year | genre       | SUM(sales) |\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n| Paraguay | 2014 | fiction     |      87970 |\n| Paraguay | 2014 | non-fiction |       8760 |\n| Paraguay | 2015 | fiction     |      76940 |\n| Paraguay | 2015 | non-fiction |       9030 |\n| Senegal  | 2014 | fiction     |      12234 |\n| Senegal  | 2014 | non-fiction |      64980 |\n| Senegal  | 2015 | fiction     |      15647 |\n| Senegal  | 2015 | non-fiction |      78901 |\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n\nSELECT country, year, genre, SUM(sales) \n FROM booksales GROUP BY country, year, genre WITH ROLLUP;\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n| country  | year | genre       | SUM(sales) |\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n| Paraguay | 2014 | fiction     |      87970 |\n| Paraguay | 2014 | non-fiction |       8760 |\n| Paraguay | 2014 | NULL        |      96730 |\n| Paraguay | 2015 | fiction     |      76940 |\n| Paraguay | 2015 | non-fiction |       9030 |\n| Paraguay | 2015 | NULL        |      85970 |\n| Paraguay | NULL | NULL        |     182700 |\n| Senegal  | 2014 | fiction     |      12234 |\n| Senegal  | 2014 | non-fiction |      64980 |\n| Senegal  | 2014 | NULL        |      77214 |\n| Senegal  | 2015 | fiction     |      15647 |\n| Senegal  | 2015 | non-fiction |      78901 |\n| Senegal  | 2015 | NULL        |      94548 |\n| Senegal  | NULL | NULL        |     171762 |\n| NULL     | NULL | NULL        |     354462 |\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n\nThe LIMIT clause, applied after WITH ROLLUP:\n\nSELECT country, year, genre, SUM(sales) \n FROM booksales GROUP BY country, year, genre WITH ROLLUP LIMIT 4;\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n| country  | year | genre       | SUM(sales) |\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n| Paraguay | 2014 | fiction     |      87970 |\n| Paraguay | 2014 | non-fiction |       8760 |\n| Paraguay | 2014 | NULL        |      96730 |\n| Paraguay | 2015 | fiction     |      76940 |\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n\nSorting by year descending:\n\nSELECT country, year, genre, SUM(sales) \n FROM booksales GROUP BY country, year DESC, genre WITH ROLLUP;\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n| country  | year | genre       | SUM(sales) |\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n| Paraguay | 2015 | fiction     |      76940 |\n| Paraguay | 2015 | non-fiction |       9030 |\n| Paraguay | 2015 | NULL        |      85970 |\n| Paraguay | 2014 | fiction     |      87970 |\n| Paraguay | 2014 | non-fiction |       8760 |\n| Paraguay | 2014 | NULL        |      96730 |\n| Paraguay | NULL | NULL        |     182700 |\n| Senegal  | 2015 | fiction     |      15647 |\n| Senegal  | 2015 | non-fiction |      78901 |\n| Senegal  | 2015 | NULL        |      94548 |\n| Senegal  | 2014 | fiction     |      12234 |\n| Senegal  | 2014 | non-fiction |      64980 |\n| Senegal  | 2014 | NULL        |      77214 |\n| Senegal  | NULL | NULL        |     171762 |\n| NULL     | NULL | NULL        |     354462 |\n+----------+------+-------------+------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select-with-rollup/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/select-with-rollup/'),(445,'INSERT',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),...\n [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n col=expr\n  [, col=expr] ... ] [RETURNING select_expr\n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nOr:\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n  SET col={expr | DEFAULT}, ...\n  [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n   col=expr\n    [, col=expr] ... ] [RETURNING select_expr\n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nOr:\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n  SELECT ...\n  [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n   col=expr\n    [, col=expr] ... ] [RETURNING select_expr\n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nThe INSERT statement is used to insert new rows into an existing table. The\nINSERT ... VALUES and INSERT ... SET forms of the statement insert rows based\non explicitly specified values. The INSERT ... SELECT form inserts rows\nselected from another table or tables. INSERT ... SELECT is discussed further\nin the INSERT ... SELECT article.\n\nThe table name can be specified in the form db_name.tbl_name or, if a default\ndatabase is selected, in the form tbl_name (see Identifier Qualifiers). This\nallows to use INSERT ... SELECT to copy rows between different databases.\n\nThe PARTITION clause can be used in both the INSERT and the SELECT part. See\nPartition Pruning and Selection for details.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5\n--------------------------\nThe RETURNING clause was introduced in MariaDB 10.5.\n\nThe columns list is optional. It specifies which values are explicitly\ninserted, and in which order. If this clause is not specified, all values must\nbe explicitly specified, in the same order they are listed in the table\ndefinition.\n\nThe list of value follow the VALUES or VALUE keyword (which are\ninterchangeable, regardless how much values you want to insert), and is\nwrapped by parenthesis. The values must be listed in the same order as the\ncolumns list. It is possible to specify more than one list to insert more than\none rows with a single statement. If many rows are inserted, this is a speed\noptimization.\n\nFor one-row statements, the SET clause may be more simple, because you don\'t\nneed to remember the columns order. All values are specified in the form col =\nexpr.\n\nValues can also be specified in the form of a SQL expression or subquery.\nHowever, the subquery cannot access the same table that is named in the INTO\nclause.\n\nIf you use the LOW_PRIORITY keyword, execution of the INSERT is delayed until\nno other clients are reading from the table. If you use the HIGH_PRIORITY\nkeyword, the statement has the same priority as SELECTs. This affects only\nstorage engines that use only table-level locking (MyISAM, MEMORY, MERGE).\nHowever, if one of these keywords is specified, concurrent inserts cannot be\nused. See HIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY clauses for details.\n\nINSERT DELAYED\n--------------\n\nFor more details on the DELAYED option, see INSERT DELAYED.\n\nHIGH PRIORITY and LOW PRIORITY\n------------------------------\n\nSee HIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY.\n\nDefaults and Duplicate Values\n-----------------------------\n\nSee INSERT - Default & Duplicate Values for details..\n\nINSERT IGNORE\n-------------\n\nSee INSERT IGNORE.\n\nINSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n------------------------------\n\nSee INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSpecifying the column names:\n\nINSERT INTO person (first_name, last_name) VALUES (\'John\', \'Doe\');\n\nInserting more than 1 row at a time:\n\nINSERT INTO tbl_name VALUES (1, \"row 1\"), (2, \"row 2\");\n\nUsing the SET clause:\n\nINSERT INTO person SET first_name = \'John\', last_name = \'Doe\';\n\nSELECTing from another table:\n\nINSERT INTO contractor SELECT * FROM person WHERE status = \'c\';\n\nSee INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE and INSERT IGNORE for further examples.\n\nINSERT ... RETURNING\n--------------------\n\nINSERT ... RETURNING returns a resultset of the inserted rows.\n\nThis returns the listed columns for all the rows that are inserted, or\nalternatively, the specified SELECT expression. Any SQL expressions which can\nbe calculated can be used in the select expression for the RETURNING clause,\nincluding virtual columns and aliases, expressions which use various operators\nsuch as bitwise, logical and arithmetic operators, string functions, date-time\nfunctions, numeric functions, control flow functions, secondary functions and\nstored functions. Along with this, statements which have subqueries and\nprepared statements can also be used.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSimple INSERT statement\n\nINSERT INTO t2 VALUES (1,\'Dog\'),(2,\'Lion\'),(3,\'Tiger\'),(4,\'Leopard\') \nRETURNING id2,id2+id2,id2&id2,id2||id2;\n+-----+---------+---------+----------+\n| id2 | id2+id2 | id2&id2 | id2||id2 |\n+-----+---------+---------+----------+\n|   1 |       2 |       1 |        1 |\n|   2 |       4 |       2 |        1 |\n|   3 |       6 |       3 |        1 |\n|   4 |       8 |       4 |        1 |\n+-----+---------+---------+----------+\n\nUsing stored functions in RETURNING\n\nDELIMITER |\nCREATE FUNCTION f(arg INT) RETURNS INT\n  BEGIN\n   RETURN (SELECT arg+arg);\n  END|\n\nDELIMITER ;\n\nPREPARE stmt FROM \"INSERT INTO t1 SET id1=1, animal1=\'Bear\' RETURNING f(id1),\nUPPER(animal1)\";\n\nEXECUTE stmt;\n+---------+----------------+\n| f(id1)  | UPPER(animal1) |\n+---------+----------------+\n|       2 | BEAR           |\n+---------+----------------+\n\nSubqueries in the RETURNING clause that return more than one row or column\ncannot be used.\n\nAggregate functions cannot be used in the RETURNING clause. Since aggregate\nfunctions work on a set of values, and if the purpose is to get the row count,\nROW_COUNT() with SELECT can be used or it can be used in\nINSERT...SELECT...RETURNING if the table in the RETURNING clause is not the\nsame as the INSERT table.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert/'),(446,'INSERT DELAYED',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nINSERT DELAYED ...\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe DELAYED option for the INSERT statement is a MariaDB/MySQL extension to\nstandard SQL that is very useful if you have clients that cannot or need not\nwait for the INSERT to complete. This is a common situation when you use\nMariaDB for logging and you also periodically run SELECT and UPDATE statements\nthat take a long time to complete.\n\nWhen a client uses INSERT DELAYED, it gets an okay from the server at once,\nand the row is queued to be inserted when the table is not in use by any other\nthread.\n\nAnother major benefit of using INSERT DELAYED is that inserts from many\nclients are bundled together and written in one block. This is much faster\nthan performing many separate inserts.\n\nNote that INSERT DELAYED is slower than a normal INSERT if the table is not\notherwise in use. There is also the additional overhead for the server to\nhandle a separate thread for each table for which there are delayed rows. This\nmeans that you should use INSERT DELAYED only when you are really sure that\nyou need it.\n\nThe queued rows are held only in memory until they are inserted into the\ntable. This means that if you terminate mysqld forcibly (for example, with\nkill -9) or if mysqld dies unexpectedly, any queued rows that have not been\nwritten to disk are lost.\n\nThe number of concurrent INSERT DELAYED threads is limited by the\nmax_delayed_threads server system variables. If it is set to 0, INSERT DELAYED\nis disabled. The session value can be equal to the global value, or 0 to\ndisable this statement for the current session. If this limit has been\nreached, the DELAYED clause will be silently ignore for subsequent statements\n(no error will be produced).\n\nLimitations\n-----------\n\nThere are some limitations on the use of DELAYED:\n\n* INSERT DELAYED works only with MyISAM, MEMORY, ARCHIVE,\n and BLACKHOLE tables. If you execute INSERT DELAYED with another storage\nengine, you will get an error like this: ERROR 1616 (HY000): DELAYED option\nnot supported for table \'tab_name\'\n* For MyISAM tables, if there are no free blocks in the middle of the data\n file, concurrent SELECT and INSERT statements are supported. Under these\n circumstances, you very seldom need to use INSERT DELAYED\n with MyISAM.\n* INSERT DELAYED should be used only for\n INSERT statements that specify value lists. The server\n ignores DELAYED for INSERT ... SELECT\n or INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statements.\n* Because the INSERT DELAYED statement returns immediately,\n before the rows are inserted, you cannot use\n LAST_INSERT_ID() to get the\n AUTO_INCREMENT value that the statement might generate.\n* DELAYED rows are not visible to SELECT\n statements until they actually have been inserted.\n* After INSERT DELAYED, ROW_COUNT() returns the number of the rows you tried\nto insert, not the number of the successful writes.\n* DELAYED is ignored on slave replication servers, so that \n INSERT DELAYED is treated as a normal\n INSERT on slaves. This is because\n DELAYED could cause the slave to have different data than\n the master. INSERT DELAYED statements are not safe for replication.\n* Pending INSERT DELAYED statements are lost if a table is\n write locked and ALTER TABLE is used to modify the table structure.\n* INSERT DELAYED is not supported for views. If you try, you will get an error\nlike this: ERROR 1347 (HY000): \'view_name\' is not BASE TABLE\n* INSERT DELAYED is not supported for partitioned tables.\n* INSERT DELAYED is not supported within stored programs.\n* INSERT DELAYED does not work with triggers.\n* INSERT DELAYED does not work if there is a check constraint in place.\n* INSERT DELAYED does not work if skip-new mode is active.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-delayed/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-delayed/'),(450,'Concurrent Inserts',27,'The MyISAM storage engine supports concurrent inserts. This feature allows\nSELECT statements to be executed during INSERT operations, reducing contention.\n\nWhether concurrent inserts can be used or not depends on the value of the\nconcurrent_insert server system variable:\n\n* NEVER (0) disables concurrent inserts.\n* AUTO (1) allows concurrent inserts only when the target table has no free\nblocks (no data in the middle of the table has been deleted after the last\nOPTIMIZE TABLE). This is the default.\n* ALWAYS (2) always enables concurrent inserts, in which case new rows are\nadded at the end of a table if the table is being used by another thread.\n\nIf the binary log is used, CREATE TABLE ... SELECT and INSERT ... SELECT\nstatements cannot use concurrent inserts. These statements acquire a read lock\non the table, so concurrent inserts will need to wait. This way the log can be\nsafely used to restore data.\n\nConcurrent inserts are not used by replicas with the row based replication\n(see binary log formats).\n\nIf an INSERT statement contain the HIGH_PRIORITY clause, concurrent inserts\ncannot be used. INSERT ... DELAYED is usually unneeded if concurrent inserts\nare enabled.\n\nLOAD DATA INFILE uses concurrent inserts if the CONCURRENT keyword is\nspecified and concurrent_insert is not NEVER. This makes the statement slower\n(even if no other sessions access the table) but reduces contention.\n\nLOCK TABLES allows non-conflicting concurrent inserts if a READ LOCAL lock is\nused. Concurrent inserts are not allowed if the LOCAL keyword is omitted.\n\nNotes\n-----\n\nThe decision to enable concurrent insert for a table is done when the table is\nopened. If you change the value of concurrent_insert it will only affect new\nopened tables. If you want it to work for also for tables in use or cached,\nyou should do FLUSH TABLES after setting the variable.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concurrent-inserts/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concurrent-inserts/'),(451,'HIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY',27,'The InnoDB storage engine uses row-level locking to ensure data integrity.\nHowever some storage engines (such as MEMORY, MyISAM, Aria and MERGE) lock the\nwhole table to prevent conflicts. These storage engines use two separate\nqueues to remember pending statements; one is for SELECTs and the other one is\nfor write statements (INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE). By default, the latter has a\nhigher priority.\n\nTo give write operations a lower priority, the low_priority_updates server\nsystem variable can be set to ON. The option is available on both the global\nand session levels, and it can be set at startup or via the SET statement.\n\nWhen too many table locks have been set by write statements, some pending\nSELECTs are executed. The maximum number of write locks that can be acquired\nbefore this happens is determined by the max_write_lock_count server system\nvariable, which is dynamic.\n\nIf write statements have a higher priority (default), the priority of\nindividual write statements (INSERT, REPLACE, UPDATE, DELETE) can be changed\nvia the LOW_PRIORITY attribute, and the priority of a SELECT statement can be\nraised via the HIGH_PRIORITY attribute. Also, LOCK TABLES supports a\nLOW_PRIORITY attribute for WRITE locks.\n\nIf read statements have a higher priority, the priority of an INSERT can be\nchanged via the HIGH_PRIORITY attribute. However, the priority of other write\nstatements cannot be raised individually.\n\nThe use of LOW_PRIORITY or HIGH_PRIORITY for an INSERT prevents Concurrent\nInserts from being used.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/high_priority-and-low_priority/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/high_priority-and-low_priority/'),(452,'INSERT - Default & Duplicate Values',27,'Default Values\n--------------\n\nIf the SQL_MODE contains STRICT_TRANS_TABLES and you are inserting into a\ntransactional table (like InnoDB), or if the SQL_MODE contains\nSTRICT_ALL_TABLES, all NOT NULL columns which do not have a DEFAULT value (and\nare not AUTO_INCREMENT) must be explicitly referenced in INSERT statements. If\nnot, an error like this is produced:\n\nERROR 1364 (HY000): Field \'col\' doesn\'t have a default value\n\nIn all other cases, if a NOT NULL column without a DEFAULT value is not\nreferenced, an empty value will be inserted (for example, 0 for INTEGER\ncolumns and \'\' for CHAR columns). See NULL Values in MariaDB:Inserting for\nexamples.\n\nIf a NOT NULL column having a DEFAULT value is not referenced, NULL will be\ninserted.\n\nIf a NULL column having a DEFAULT value is not referenced, its default value\nwill be inserted. It is also possible to explicitly assign the default value\nusing the DEFAULT keyword or the DEFAULT() function.\n\nIf the DEFAULT keyword is used but the column does not have a DEFAULT value,\nan error like this is produced:\n\nERROR 1364 (HY000): Field \'col\' doesn\'t have a default value\n\nDuplicate Values\n----------------\n\nBy default, if you try to insert a duplicate row and there is a UNIQUE index,\nINSERT stops and an error like this is produced:\n\nERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry \'dup_value\' for key \'col\'\n\nTo handle duplicates you can use the IGNORE clause, INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY\nUPDATE or the REPLACE statement. Note that the IGNORE and DELAYED options are\nignored when you use ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-default-duplicate-values/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-default-duplicate-values/'),(453,'INSERT IGNORE',27,'Ignoring Errors\n---------------\n\nNormally INSERT stops and rolls back when it encounters an error.\n\nBy using the IGNORE keyword all errors are converted to warnings, which will\nnot stop inserts of additional rows.\n\nThe IGNORE and DELAYED options are ignored when you use ON DUPLICATE KEY\nUPDATE.\n\nPrior to MySQL and MariaDB 5.5.28, no warnings were issued for duplicate key\nerrors when using IGNORE. You can get the old behavior if you set OLD_MODE to\nNO_DUP_KEY_WARNINGS_WITH_IGNORE.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (x INT UNIQUE);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1),(2);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES(2),(3);\nERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry \'2\' for key \'x\'\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+------+\n| x    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n+------+\n2 rows in set (0.00 sec)\n\nINSERT IGNORE INTO t1 VALUES(2),(3);\nQuery OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.04 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+---------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                         |\n+---------+------+---------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1062 | Duplicate entry \'2\' for key \'x\' |\n+---------+------+---------------------------------+\n\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+------+\n| x    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n+------+\n\nSee INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE for further examples using that syntax.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-ignore/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-ignore/'),(455,'INSERT...RETURNING',27,'MariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nINSERT ... RETURNING was added in MariaDB 10.5.0, and returns a resultset of\nthe inserted rows.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),...\n [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n col=expr\n  [, col=expr] ... ] [RETURNING select_expr\n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nOr:\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n  SET col={expr | DEFAULT}, ...\n  [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n   col=expr\n    [, col=expr] ... ] [RETURNING select_expr\n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nOr:\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n  SELECT ...\n  [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n   col=expr\n    [, col=expr] ... ] [RETURNING select_expr\n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nINSERT ... RETURNING returns a resultset of the inserted rows.\n\nThis returns the listed columns for all the rows that are inserted, or\nalternatively, the specified SELECT expression. Any SQL expressions which can\nbe calculated can be used in the select expression for the RETURNING clause,\nincluding virtual columns and aliases, expressions which use various operators\nsuch as bitwise, logical and arithmetic operators, string functions, date-time\nfunctions, numeric functions, control flow functions, secondary functions and\nstored functions. Along with this, statements which have subqueries and\nprepared statements can also be used.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSimple INSERT statements:\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t2 (id INT, animal VARCHAR(20), t TIMESTAMP);\n\nINSERT INTO t2 (id) VALUES (2),(3) RETURNING id,t;\n+------+---------------------+\n| id   | t                   |\n+------+---------------------+\n|    2 | 2021-04-28 00:59:32 |\n|    3 | 2021-04-28 00:59:32 |\n+------+---------------------+\n\nINSERT INTO t2(id,animal) VALUES\n(1,\'Dog\'),(2,\'Lion\'),(3,\'Tiger\'),(4,\'Leopard\')  \n RETURNING id,id+id,id&id,id||id;\n+------+-------+-------+--------+\n| id   | id+id | id&id | id||id |\n+------+-------+-------+--------+\n|    1 |     2 |     1 |      1 |\n|    2 |     4 |     2 |      1 |\n|    3 |     6 |     3 |      1 |\n|    4 |     8 |     4 |      1 |\n+------+-------+-------+--------+\n\nUsing stored functions in RETURNING\n\nDELIMITER |\nCREATE FUNCTION f(arg INT) RETURNS INT\n  BEGIN\n   RETURN (SELECT arg+arg);\n  END|\n\nDELIMITER ;\n\nPREPARE stmt FROM \"INSERT INTO t1 SET id1=1, animal1=\'Bear\' RETURNING f(id1),\nUPPER(animal1)\";\n\nEXECUTE stmt;\n+---------+----------------+\n| f(id1)  | UPPER(animal1) |\n+---------+----------------+\n|       2 | BEAR           |\n+---------+----------------+\n\nSubqueries in the RETURNING clause that return more than one row or column\ncannot be used.\n\nAggregate functions cannot be used in the RETURNING clause. Since aggregate\nfunctions work on a set of values, and if the purpose is to get the row count,\nROW_COUNT() with SELECT can be used or it can be used in\nINSERT...SELECT...RETURNING if the table in the RETURNING clause is not the\nsame as the INSERT table.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insertreturning/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insertreturning/'),(454,'INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),...\n [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n  col=expr\n   [, col=expr] ... ]\n\nOr:\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n  SET col={expr | DEFAULT}, ...\n  [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n   col=expr\n    [, col=expr] ... ]\n\nOr:\n\nINSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n  SELECT ...\n  [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n   col=expr\n    [, col=expr] ... ]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nINSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE is a MariaDB/MySQL extension to the INSERT\nstatement that, if it finds a duplicate unique or primary key, will instead\nperform an UPDATE.\n\nThe row/s affected value is reported as 1 if a row is inserted, and 2 if a row\nis updated, unless the API\'s CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS flag is set.\n\nIf more than one unique index is matched, only the first is updated. It is not\nrecommended to use this statement on tables with more than one unique index.\n\nIf the table has an AUTO_INCREMENT primary key and the statement inserts or\nupdates a row, the LAST_INSERT_ID() function returns its AUTO_INCREMENT value.\n\nThe VALUES() function can only be used in a ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause and\nhas no meaning in any other context. It returns the column values from the\nINSERT portion of the statement. This function is particularly useful for\nmulti-rows inserts.\n\nThe IGNORE and DELAYED options are ignored when you use ON DUPLICATE KEY\nUPDATE.\n\nSee Partition Pruning and Selection for details on the PARTITION clause.\n\nThis statement activates INSERT and UPDATE triggers. See Trigger Overview for\ndetails.\n\nSee also a similar statement, REPLACE.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE ins_duplicate (id INT PRIMARY KEY, animal VARCHAR(30));\nINSERT INTO ins_duplicate VALUES (1,\'Aardvark\'), (2,\'Cheetah\'), (3,\'Zebra\');\n\nIf there is no existing key, the statement runs as a regular INSERT:\n\nINSERT INTO ins_duplicate VALUES (4,\'Gorilla\') \n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE animal=\'Gorilla\';\nQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)\n\nSELECT * FROM ins_duplicate;\n+----+----------+\n| id | animal   |\n+----+----------+\n|  1 | Aardvark |\n|  2 | Cheetah  |\n|  3 | Zebra    |\n|  4 | Gorilla  |\n+----+----------+\n\nA regular INSERT with a primary key value of 1 will fail, due to the existing\nkey:\n\nINSERT INTO ins_duplicate VALUES (1,\'Antelope\');\nERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry \'1\' for key \'PRIMARY\'\n\nHowever, we can use an INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE instead:\n\nINSERT INTO ins_duplicate VALUES (1,\'Antelope\') \n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE animal=\'Antelope\';\nQuery OK, 2 rows affected (0.09 sec)\n\nNote that there are two rows reported as affected, but this refers only to the\nUPDATE.\n\nSELECT * FROM ins_duplicate;\n+----+----------+\n| id | animal   |\n+----+----------+\n|  1 | Antelope |\n|  2 | Cheetah  |\n|  3 | Zebra    |\n|  4 | Gorilla  |\n+----+----------+\n\nAdding a second unique column:\n\nALTER TABLE ins_duplicate ADD id2 INT;\nUPDATE ins_duplicate SET id2=id+10;\nALTER TABLE ins_duplicate ADD UNIQUE KEY(id2);\n\nWhere two rows match the unique keys match, only the first is updated. This\ncan be unsafe and is not recommended unless you are certain what you are doing.\n\nINSERT INTO ins_duplicate VALUES (2,\'Lion\',13) \n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE animal=\'Lion\';\nQuery OK, 2 rows affected (0.004 sec)\n\nSELECT * FROM ins_duplicate;\n+----+----------+------+\n| id | animal   | id2  |\n+----+----------+------+\n|  1 | Antelope |   11 |\n|  2 | Lion     |   12 |\n|  3 | Zebra    |   13 |\n|  4 | Gorilla  |   14 |\n+----+----------+------+\n\nAlthough the third row with an id of 3 has an id2 of 13, which also matched,\nit was not updated.\n\nChanging id to an auto_increment field. If a new row is added, the\nauto_increment is moved forward. If the row is updated, it remains the same.\n\nALTER TABLE `ins_duplicate` CHANGE `id` `id` INT( 11 ) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;\nALTER TABLE ins_duplicate DROP id2;\nSELECT Auto_increment FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES \n WHERE TABLE_NAME=\'ins_duplicate\';\n+----------------+\n| Auto_increment |\n+----------------+\n|              5 |\n+----------------+\n\nINSERT INTO ins_duplicate VALUES (2,\'Leopard\') \n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE animal=\'Leopard\';\nQuery OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nSELECT Auto_increment FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES \n WHERE TABLE_NAME=\'ins_duplicate\';\n+----------------+\n| Auto_increment |\n+----------------+\n|              5 |\n+----------------+\n\nINSERT INTO ins_duplicate VALUES (5,\'Wild Dog\') \n ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE animal=\'Wild Dog\';\nQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)\n\nSELECT * FROM ins_duplicate;\n+----+----------+\n| id | animal   |\n+----+----------+\n|  1 | Antelope |\n|  2 | Leopard  |\n|  3 | Zebra    |\n|  4 | Gorilla  |\n|  5 | Wild Dog |\n+----+----------+\n\nSELECT Auto_increment FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES \n WHERE TABLE_NAME=\'ins_duplicate\';\n+----------------+\n| Auto_increment |\n+----------------+\n|              6 |\n+----------------+\n\nRefering to column values from the INSERT portion of the statement:\n\nINSERT INTO table (a,b,c) VALUES (1,2,3),(4,5,6)\n  ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE c=VALUES(a)+VALUES(b);\n\nSee the VALUES() function for more.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-on-duplicate-key-update/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-on-duplicate-key-update/'),(456,'REPLACE...RETURNING',27,'MariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nREPLACE ... RETURNING was added in MariaDB 10.5.0, and returns a resultset of\nthe replaced rows.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nREPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]\n [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),...\n[RETURNING select_expr \n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nOr:\n\nREPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)]\n  SET col={expr | DEFAULT}, ...\n[RETURNING select_expr \n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nOr:\n\nREPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]\n  [INTO] tbl_name [PARTITION (partition_list)] [(col,...)]\n  SELECT ...\n[RETURNING select_expr \n   [, select_expr ...]]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nREPLACE ... RETURNING returns a resultset of the replaced rows.\n\nThis returns the listed columns for all the rows that are replaced, or\nalternatively, the specified SELECT expression. Any SQL expressions which can\nbe calculated can be used in the select expression for the RETURNING clause,\nincluding virtual columns and aliases, expressions which use various operators\nsuch as bitwise, logical and arithmetic operators, string functions, date-time\nfunctions, numeric functions, control flow functions, secondary functions and\nstored functions. Along with this, statements which have subqueries and\nprepared statements can also be used.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSimple REPLACE statement\n\nREPLACE INTO t2 VALUES (1,\'Leopard\'),(2,\'Dog\') RETURNING id2, id2+id2 \nas Total ,id2|id2, id2&&id2;\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n| id2 | Total | id2|id2 | id2&&id2 |\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n|   1 |     2 |       1 |        1 |\n|   2 |     4 |       2 |        1 |\n+-----+-------+---------+----------+\n\nUsing stored functions in RETURNING\n\nDELIMITER |\nCREATE FUNCTION f(arg INT) RETURNS INT\n  BEGIN\n   RETURN (SELECT arg+arg);\n  END|\n\nDELIMITER ;\nPREPARE stmt FROM \"REPLACE INTO t2 SET id2=3, animal2=\'Fox\' RETURNING f2(id2),\nUPPER(animal2)\";\n\nEXECUTE stmt;\n+---------+----------------+\n| f2(id2) | UPPER(animal2) |\n+---------+----------------+\n|       6 | FOX            |\n+---------+----------------+\n\nSubqueries in the statement\n\nREPLACE INTO t1 SELECT * FROM t2 RETURNING (SELECT id2 FROM t2 WHERE \nid2 IN (SELECT id2 FROM t2 WHERE id2=1)) AS new_id;\n+--------+\n| new_id |\n+--------+\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n|      1 |\n+--------+\n\nSubqueries in the RETURNING clause that return more than one row or column\ncannot be used..\n\nAggregate functions cannot be used in the RETURNING clause. Since aggregate\nfunctions work on a set of values and if the purpose is to get the row count,\nROW_COUNT() with SELECT can be used, or it can be used in\nREPLACE...SELECT...RETURNING if the table in the RETURNING clause is not the\nsame as the REPLACE table.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/replacereturning/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/replacereturning/'),(457,'CALL',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nCALL sp_name([parameter[,...]])\nCALL sp_name[()]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe CALL statement invokes a stored procedure that was defined previously with\nCREATE PROCEDURE.\n\nStored procedure names can be specified as database_name.procedure_name.\nProcedure names and database names can be quoted with backticks (). This is\nnecessary if they are reserved words, or contain special characters. See\nidentifier qualifiers for details.\n\nCALL p() and CALL p are equivalent.\n\nIf parentheses are used, any number of spaces, tab characters and newline\ncharacters are allowed between the procedure\'s name and the open parenthesis.\n\nCALL can pass back values to its caller using parameters that are declared as\nOUT or INOUT parameters. If no value is assigned to an OUT parameter, NULL is\nassigned (and its former value is lost). To pass such values from another\nstored program you can use user-defined variables, local variables or\nroutine\'s parameters; in other contexts, you can only use user-defined\nvariables.\n\nCALL can also be executed as a prepared statement. Placeholders can be used\nfor IN parameters in all versions of MariaDB; for OUT and INOUT parameters,\nplaceholders can be used since MariaDB 5.5.\n\nWhen the procedure returns, a client program can also obtain the number of\nrows affected for the final statement executed within the routine: At the SQL\nlevel, call the ROW_COUNT() function; from the C API, call the\nmysql_affected_rows() function.\n\nIf the CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS API flag is set, CALL can return any number of\nresultsets and the called stored procedure can execute prepared statements. If\nit is not set, at most one resultset can be returned and prepared statements\ncannot be used within procedures.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/call/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/call/'),(461,'HANDLER for MEMORY Tables',27,'This article explains how to use HANDLER commands efficiently with MEMORY/HEAP\ntables.\n\nIf you want to scan a table for over different key values, not just search for\nexact key values, you should create your keys with \'USING BTREE\':\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (a INT, b INT, KEY(a), KEY b USING BTREE (b)) engine=memory;\n\nIn the above table, a is a HASH key that only supports exact matches (=) while\nb is a BTREE key that you can use to scan the table in key order, starting\nfrom start or from a given key value.\n\nThe limitations for HANDLER READ with Memory|HEAP tables are:\n\nLimitations for HASH keys\n-------------------------\n\n* You must use all key parts when searching for a row.\n* You can\'t do a key scan of all values. You can only find all rows with the\nsame key value.\n* READ NEXT gives error 1031 if the tables changed since last read.\n\nLimitations for BTREE keys\n--------------------------\n\n* READ NEXT gives error 1031 if the tables changed since last read. This\nlimitation can be lifted in the future.\n\nLimitations for table scans\n---------------------------\n\n* READ NEXT gives error 1031 if the table was truncated since last READ call.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/handler-for-memory-tables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/handler-for-memory-tables/'),(459,'Comment Syntax',27,'There are three supported comment styles in MariaDB:\n\n* From a \'#\' to the end of a line:SELECT * FROM users; # This is a comment\n\n* From a \'-- \' to the end of a line. The space after the two dashes is\nrequired (as in MySQL).SELECT * FROM users; -- This is a comment\n\n* C style comments from an opening \'/*\' to a closing \'*/\'. Comments of this\nform can span multiple lines:SELECT * FROM users; /* This is a\nmulti-line\ncomment */\n\nNested comments are possible in some situations, but they are not supported or\nrecommended.\n\nExecutable Comments\n-------------------\n\nAs an aid to portability between different databases, MariaDB supports\nexecutable comments. These special comments allow you to embed SQL code which\nwill not execute when run on other databases, but will execute when run on\nMariaDB.\n\nMariaDB supports both MySQL\'s executable comment format, and a slightly\nmodified version specific to MariaDB. This way, if you have SQL code that\nworks on MySQL and MariaDB, but not other databases, you can wrap it in a\nMySQL executable comment, and if you have code that specifically takes\nadvantage of features only available in MariaDB you can use the MariaDB\nspecific format to hide the code from MySQL.\n\nExecutable Comment Syntax\n-------------------------\n\nMySQL and MariaDB executable comment syntax:\n\n/*! MySQL or MariaDB-specific code */\n\nCode that should be executed only starting from a specific MySQL or MariaDB\nversion:\n\n/*!##### MySQL or MariaDB-specific code */\n\nThe numbers, represented by \'######\' in the syntax examples above specify the\nspecific the minimum versions of MySQL and MariaDB that should execute the\ncomment. The first number is the major version, the second 2 numbers are the\nminor version and the last 2 is the patch level.\n\nFor example, if you want to embed some code that should only execute on MySQL\nor MariaDB starting from 5.1.0, you would do the following:\n\n/*!50100 MySQL and MariaDB 5.1.0 (and above) code goes here. */\n\nMariaDB-only executable comment syntax (starting from MariaDB 5.3.1):\n\n/*M! MariaDB-specific code */\n/*M!###### MariaDB-specific code */\n\nMariaDB ignores MySQL-style executable comments that have a version number in\nthe range 50700..99999. This is needed to skip features introduced in\nMySQL-5.7 that are not ported to MariaDB 10.x yet.\n\n/*!50701 MariaDB-10.x ignores MySQL-5.7 specific code */\n\nNote: comments which have a version number in the range 50700..99999 that use\nMariaDB-style executable comment syntax are still executed.\n\n/*M!50701 MariaDB-10.x does not ignore this */\n\nStatement delimiters cannot be used within executable comments.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nIn MySQL all the following will return 2: In MariaDB, the last 2 queries would\nreturn 3.\n\nSELECT 2 /* +1 */;\nSELECT 1 /*! +1 */;\nSELECT 1 /*!50101 +1 */;\nSELECT 2 /*M! +1 */;\nSELECT 2 /*M!50301 +1 */;\n\nThe following executable statement will not work due to the delimiter inside\nthe executable portion:\n\n/*M!100100 select 1 ; */\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual\nthat corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use\nnear \'\' at line 1\n\nInstead, the delimiter should be placed outside the executable portion:\n\n/*M!100100 select 1 */;\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/comment-syntax/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/comment-syntax/'),(463,'ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON',28,'ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON is a mix of the EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON and ANALYZE statement\nfeatures. The ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON $statement will execute $statement, and then\nprint the output of EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON, amended with data from the query\nexecution.\n\nBasic Execution Data\n--------------------\n\nYou can get the following also from tabular ANALYZE statement form:\n\n* r_rows  is provided for any node that reads rows. It shows how many rows\nwere read, on average \n* r_filtered is provided whenever there is a condition that is checked.  It\nshows the percentage of rows left after checking the condition.\n\nAdvanced Execution Data\n-----------------------\n\nThe most important data not available in the regular tabula ANALYZE statement\nare:\n\n* r_loops field.  This shows how many times the node was executed. Most query\nplan elements have this field.\n* r_total_time_ms field. It shows how much time in total was spent executing\nthis node. If the node has subnodes, their execution time is included.\n* r_buffer_size field. Query plan nodes that make use of buffers report the\nsize of buffer that was was used.\n\nSHOW ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON\n------------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.9\n--------------------------\nSHOW ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON for <connection_id> extends ANALYZE [FORMAT=JSON]\n<select> to allow one to analyze a query currently running in another\nconnection.\n\nData About Individual Query Plan Nodes\n--------------------------------------\n\n* filesort node reports whether sorting was done with LIMIT n parameter, and\nhow many rows were in the sort result. \n* block-nl-join node has r_loops field, which allows to tell whether Using\njoin buffer was efficient \n* range-checked-for-each-record reports counters that show the result of the\ncheck. \n* expression-cache is used for subqueries, and it reports how many times the\ncache was used, and what cache hit ratio was.\n* union_result node has r_rows so one can see how many rows were produced\nafter UNION operation\n* and so forth\n\nUse Cases\n---------\n\nSee Examples of ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/analyze-format-json/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/analyze-format-json/'),(460,'HANDLER Commands',27,'Syntax\n------\n\nHANDLER tbl_name OPEN [ [AS] alias]\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name { = | >= | <= | < } (value1,value2,...)\n  [ WHERE where_condition ] [LIMIT ... ]\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name { FIRST | NEXT | PREV | LAST }\n  [ WHERE where_condition ] [LIMIT ... ]\nHANDLER tbl_name READ { FIRST | NEXT }\n  [ WHERE where_condition ] [LIMIT ... ]\nHANDLER tbl_name CLOSE\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe HANDLER statement provides direct access to table storage engine\ninterfaces for key lookups and key or table scans. It is available for at\nleast Aria, Memory, MyISAM and InnoDB tables (and should work with most\n\'normal\' storage engines, but not with system tables, MERGE or views).\n\nHANDLER ... OPEN opens a table, allowing it to be accessible to subsequent\nHANDLER ... READ statements. The table can either be opened using an alias\n(which must then be used by HANDLER ... READ, or a table name.\n\nThe table object is only closed when HANDLER ... CLOSE is called by the\nsession, and is not shared by other sessions.\n\nPrepared statements work with HANDLER READ, which gives a much higher\nperformance (50% speedup) as there is no parsing and all data is transformed\nin binary (without conversions to text, as with the normal protocol).\n\nThe HANDLER command does not work with partitioned tables.\n\nKey Lookup\n----------\n\nA key lookup is started with:\n\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name { = | >= | <= | < }  (value,value) [LIMIT...]\n\nThe values stands for the value of each of the key columns. For most key types\n(except for HASH keys in MEMORY storage engine) you can use a prefix subset of\nit\'s columns.\n\nIf you are using LIMIT, then in case of >= or > then there is an implicit NEXT\nimplied, while if you are using <= or < then there is an implicit PREV implied.\n\nAfter the initial read, you can use\n\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name NEXT [ LIMIT ... ]\nor\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name PREV [ LIMIT ... ]\n\nto scan the rows in key order.\n\nNote that the row order is not defined for keys with duplicated values and\nwill vary from engine to engine.\n\nKey Scans\n---------\n\nYou can scan a table in key order by doing:\n\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name FIRST [ LIMIT ... ]\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name NEXT  [ LIMIT ... ]\n\nor, if the handler supports backwards key scans (most do):\n\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name LAST [ LIMIT ... ]\nHANDLER tbl_name READ index_name PREV [ LIMIT ... ]\n\nTable Scans\n-----------\n\nYou can scan a table in row order by doing:\n\nHANDLER tbl_name READ FIRST [ LIMIT ... ]\nHANDLER tbl_name READ NEXT  [ LIMIT ... ]\n\nLimitations\n-----------\n\nAs this is a direct interface to the storage engine, some limitations may\napply for what you can do and what happens if the table changes. Here follows\nsome of the common limitations:\n\nFinding \'Old Rows\'\n------------------\n\nHANDLER READ is not transaction safe, consistent or atomic. It\'s ok for the\nstorage engine to returns rows that existed when you started the scan but that\nwere later deleted. This can happen as the storage engine may cache rows as\npart of the scan from a previous read.\n\nYou may also find rows committed since the scan originally started.\n\nInvisible Columns\n-----------------\n\nHANDLER ... READ also reads the data of invisible-columns.\n\nSystem-Versioned Tables\n-----------------------\n\nHANDLER ... READ reads everything from system-versioned tables, and so\nincludes row_start and row_end fields, as well as all rows that have since\nbeen deleted or changed, including when history partitions are used.\n\nOther Limitations\n-----------------\n\n* If you do an ALTER TABLE, all your HANDLERs for that table are automatically\nclosed.\n* If you do an ALTER TABLE for a table that is used by some other connection\nwith HANDLER, the ALTER TABLE will wait for the HANDLER to be closed.\n* For HASH keys, you must use all key parts when searching for a row.\n* For HASH keys, you can\'t do a key scan of all values. You can only find all\nrows with the same key value.\n* While each HANDLER READ command is atomic, if you do a scan in many steps,\nthen some engines may give you error 1020 if the table changed between the\ncommands. Please refer to the specific engine handler page if this happens.\n\nError Codes\n-----------\n\n* Error 1031 (ER_ILLEGAL_HA) Table storage engine for \'t1\' doesn\'t have this\noption\nIf you get this for HANDLER OPEN it means the storage engine doesn\'t support\nHANDLER calls.\nIf you get this for HANDLER READ it means you are trying to use an incomplete\nHASH key.\n\n* Error 1020 (ER_CHECKREAD) Record has changed since last read in table \'...\'\nThis means that the table changed between two reads and the handler can\'t\nhandle this case for the given scan.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/handler-commands/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/handler-commands/'),(464,'ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON Examples',28,'Example #1\n----------\n\nCustomers who have ordered more than 1M goods.\n\nANALYZE FORMAT=JSON\nSELECT COUNT(*)\nFROM customer\nWHERE\n (SELECT SUM(o_totalprice) FROM orders WHERE o_custkey=c_custkey) > 1000*1000;\n\nThe query takes 40 seconds over cold cache\n\nEXPLAIN: {\n \"query_block\": {\n  \"select_id\": 1,\n  \"r_loops\": 1,\n  \"r_total_time_ms\": 39872,\n  \"table\": {\n   \"table_name\": \"customer\",\n   \"access_type\": \"index\",\n   \"key\": \"i_c_nationkey\",\n   \"key_length\": \"5\",\n   \"used_key_parts\": [\"c_nationkey\"],\n   \"r_loops\": 1,\n   \"rows\": 150303,\n   \"r_rows\": 150000,\n   \"r_total_time_ms\": 270.3,\n   \"filtered\": 100,\n   \"r_filtered\": 60.691,\n   \"attached_condition\": \"((subquery#2) > <cache>((1000 * 1000)))\",\n   \"using_index\": true\n  },\n  \"subqueries\": [\n   {\n    \"query_block\": {\n     \"select_id\": 2,\n     \"r_loops\": 150000,\n     \"r_total_time_ms\": 39531,\n     \"table\": {\n      \"table_name\": \"orders\",\n      \"access_type\": \"ref\",\n      \"possible_keys\": [\"i_o_custkey\"],\n      \"key\": \"i_o_custkey\",\n      \"key_length\": \"5\",\n      \"used_key_parts\": [\"o_custkey\"],\n      \"ref\": [\"dbt3sf1.customer.c_custkey\"],\n      \"r_loops\": 150000,\n      \"rows\": 7,\n      \"r_rows\": 10,\n      \"r_total_time_ms\": 39208,\n      \"filtered\": 100,\n      \"r_filtered\": 100\n     }\n    }\n   }\n  ]\n }\n}\nANALYZE shows that 39.2 seconds were spent in the subquery, which was executed\n150K times (for every row of outer table).\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/analyze-formatjson-examples/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/analyze-formatjson-examples/'),(465,'ANALYZE Statement',28,'Description\n-----------\n\nThe ANALYZE statement is similar to the EXPLAIN statement. ANALYZE statement\nwill invoke the optimizer, execute the statement, and then produce EXPLAIN\noutput instead of the result set. The EXPLAIN output will be annotated with\nstatistics from statement execution.\n\nThis lets one check how close the optimizer\'s estimates about the query plan\nare to the reality. ANALYZE produces an overview, while the ANALYZE\nFORMAT=JSON command provides a more detailed view of the query plan and the\nquery execution.\n\nThe syntax is\n\nANALYZE explainable_statement;\n\nwhere the statement is any statement for which one can run EXPLAIN.\n\nCommand Output\n--------------\n\nConsider an example:\n\nANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbl1 \nWHERE key1 \n BETWEEN 10 AND 200 AND\n col1 LIKE \'foo%\'\\G\n\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     id: 1\n select_type: SIMPLE\n    table: tbl1\n    type: range\npossible_keys: key1\n     key: key1\n   key_len: 5\n     ref: NULL\n    rows: 181\n   r_rows: 181\n  filtered: 100.00\n r_filtered: 10.50\n    Extra: Using index condition; Using where\n\nCompared to EXPLAIN, ANALYZE produces two extra columns:\n\n* r_rows is an observation-based counterpart of the rows column. It shows how\nmany rows were actually read from the table. \n* r_filtered is an observation-based counterpart of the filtered column. It\nshows which fraction of rows was left after applying the WHERE condition.\n\nInterpreting the Output\n-----------------------\n\nJoins\n-----\n\nLet\'s consider a more complicated example.\n\nANALYZE SELECT *\nFROM orders, customer \nWHERE\n customer.c_custkey=orders.o_custkey AND\n customer.c_acctbal < 0 AND\n orders.o_totalprice > 200*1000\n\n+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-\n------------------+--------+--------+----------+------------+-------------+\n| id | select_type | table    | type | possible_keys | key         | key_len |\nref                | rows   | r_rows | filtered | r_filtered | Extra       |\n+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-\n------------------+--------+--------+----------+------------+-------------+\n|  1 | SIMPLE      | customer | ALL  | PRIMARY,...   | NULL        | NULL    |\nNULL               | 149095 | 150000 |    18.08 |       9.13 | Using where |\n|  1 | SIMPLE      | orders   | ref  | i_o_custkey   | i_o_custkey | 5       |\ncustomer.c_custkey |      7 |     10 |   100.00 |      30.03 | Using where |\n+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-\n------------------+--------+--------+----------+------------+-------------+\n\nHere, one can see that\n\n* For table customer, customer.rows=149095,  customer.r_rows=150000. The\nestimate for number of rows we will read was fairly precise\n* customer.filtered=18.08, customer.r_filtered=9.13.  The optimizer somewhat\noverestimated the number of records that will match selectivity of condition\nattached to `customer` table (in general, when you have a full scan and\nr_filtered is less than 15%, it\'s time to consider adding an appropriate\nindex).\n* For table orders,  orders.rows=7, orders.r_rows=10.  This means that on\naverage, there are 7 orders for a given c_custkey, but in our case there were\n10, which is close to the expectation (when this number is consistently far\nfrom the expectation, it may be time to run ANALYZE TABLE, or even edit the\ntable statistics manually to get better query plans).\n* orders.filtered=100, orders.r_filtered=30.03. The optimizer didn\'t have any\nway to estimate which fraction of records will be left after it checks the\ncondition that is attached to table orders (it\'s orders.o_totalprice >\n200*1000). So, it used 100%. In reality, it is 30%. 30% is typically not\nselective enough to warrant adding new indexes. For joins with many tables, it\nmight be worth to collect and use column statistics for columns in question,\nthis may help the optimizer to pick a better query plan.\n\nMeaning of NULL in r_rows and r_filtered\n----------------------------------------\n\nLet\'s modify the previous example slightly\n\nANALYZE SELECT * \nFROM orders, customer \nWHERE\n customer.c_custkey=orders.o_custkey AND\n customer.c_acctbal < -0 AND\n customer.c_comment LIKE \'%foo%\' AND\n orders.o_totalprice > 200*1000;\n\n+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-\n------------------+--------+--------+----------+------------+-------------+\n| id | select_type | table    | type | possible_keys | key         | key_len |\nref                | rows   | r_rows | filtered | r_filtered | Extra       |\n+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-\n------------------+--------+--------+----------+------------+-------------+\n|  1 | SIMPLE      | customer | ALL  | PRIMARY,...   | NULL        | NULL    |\nNULL               | 149095 | 150000 |    18.08 |       0.00 | Using where |\n|  1 | SIMPLE      | orders   | ref  | i_o_custkey   | i_o_custkey | 5       |\ncustomer.c_custkey |      7 |   NULL |   100.00 |       NULL | Using where |\n+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+-------------+---------+-\n------------------+--------+--------+----------+------------+-------------+\n\nHere, one can see that orders.r_rows=NULL and orders.r_filtered=NULL. This\nmeans that table orders was not scanned even once. Indeed, we can also see\ncustomer.r_filtered=0.00. This shows that a part of WHERE attached to table\n`customer` was never satisfied (or, satisfied in less than 0.01% of cases).\n\nANALYZE FORMAT=JSON\n-------------------\n\nANALYZE FORMAT=JSON produces JSON output. It produces much more information\nthan tabular ANALYZE.\n\nNotes\n-----\n\n* ANALYZE UPDATE or ANALYZE DELETE will actually make updates/deletes (ANALYZE\nSELECT will perform the select operation and then discard the resultset).\n* PostgreSQL has a similar command, EXPLAIN ANALYZE.\n* The EXPLAIN in the slow query log feature allows MariaDB to have ANALYZE\noutput of slow queries printed into the slow query log (see MDEV-6388).\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/analyze-statement/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/analyze-statement/'),(468,'EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON',28,'Synopsis\n--------\n\nEXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON is a variant of EXPLAIN command that produces output in\nJSON form. The output always has one row which has only one column titled\n\"JSON\". The contents are a JSON representation of the query plan, formatted\nfor readability:\n\nEXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE col1=1\\G\n\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nEXPLAIN: {\n \"query_block\": {\n  \"select_id\": 1,\n  \"table\": {\n   \"table_name\": \"t1\",\n   \"access_type\": \"ALL\",\n   \"rows\": 1000,\n   \"filtered\": 100,\n   \"attached_condition\": \"(t1.col1 = 1)\"\n  }\n }\n}\n\nOutput is different from MySQL\n------------------------------\n\nThe output of MariaDB\'s EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON is different from EXPLAIN\nFORMAT=JSON in MySQL.The reasons for that are:\n\n* MySQL\'s output has deficiencies. Some are listed here: EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON\nin MySQL\n* The output of MySQL\'s EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON is not defined. Even MySQL\nWorkbench has trouble parsing it (see this blog post).\n* MariaDB has query optimizations that MySQL does not have. Ergo, MariaDB\ngenerates query plans that MySQL does not generate.\n\nA (as yet incomplete) list of how MariaDB\'s output is different from MySQL can\nbe found here: EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON differences from MySQL.\n\nOutput Format\n-------------\n\nTODO: MariaDB\'s output format description.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/explain-format-json/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/explain-format-json/'),(469,'DESCRIBE',28,'Syntax\n------\n\n{DESCRIBE | DESC} tbl_name [col_name | wild]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDESCRIBE provides information about the columns in a table. It is a shortcut\nfor SHOW COLUMNS FROM. These statements also display information for views.\n\ncol_name can be a column name, or a string containing the SQL \"%\" and \"_\"\nwildcard characters to obtain output only for the columns with names matching\nthe string. There is no need to enclose the string within quotes unless it\ncontains spaces or other special characters.\n\nDESCRIBE city;\n+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+\n| Field      | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |\n+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+\n| Id         | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |\n| Name       | char(35) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |\n| Country    | char(3)  | NO   | UNI |         |                |\n| District   | char(20) | YES  | MUL |         |                |\n| Population | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |                |\n+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+\n\nThe description for SHOW COLUMNS provides more information about the output\ncolumns.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/describe/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/describe/'),(471,'Identifier Case-sensitivity',29,'Whether objects are case-sensitive or not is partly determined by the\nunderlying operating system. Unix-based systems are case-sensitive, Windows is\nnot, while Mac OS X is usually case-insensitive by default, but devices can be\nconfigured as case-sensitive using Disk Utility.\n\nDatabase, table, table aliases and trigger names are affected by the systems\ncase-sensitivity, while index, column, column aliases, stored routine and\nevent names are never case sensitive.\n\nLog file group name are case sensitive.\n\nThe lower_case_table_names server system variable plays a key role. It\ndetermines whether table names, aliases and database names are compared in a\ncase-sensitive manner. If set to 0 (the default on Unix-based systems), table\nnames and aliases and database names are compared in a case-sensitive manner.\nIf set to 1 (the default on Windows), names are stored in lowercase and not\ncompared in a case-sensitive manner. If set to 2 (the default on Mac OS X),\nnames are stored as declared, but compared in lowercase.\n\nIt is thus possible to make Unix-based systems behave like Windows and ignore\ncase-sensitivity, but the reverse is not true, as the underlying Windows\nfilesystem can not support this.\n\nEven on case-insensitive systems, you are required to use the same case\nconsistently within the same statement. The following statement fails, as it\nrefers to the table name in a different case.\n\nSELECT * FROM a_table WHERE A_table.id>10;\n\nFor a full list of identifier naming rules, see Identifier Names.\n\nPlease note that lower_case_table_names is a database initialization\nparameter. This means that, along with innodb_page_size, this variable must be\nset before running mysql_install_db, and will not change the behavior of\nservers unless applied before the creation of core system databases.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/identifier-case-sensitivity/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/identifier-case-sensitivity/'),(475,'Hexadecimal Literals',29,'Hexadecimal literals can be written using any of the following syntaxes:\n\n* x\'value\'\n* X\'value\' (SQL standard)\n* 0xvalue (ODBC)\n\nvalue is a sequence of hexadecimal digits (from 0 to 9 and from A to F). The\ncase of the digits does not matter. With the first two syntaxes, value must\nconsist of an even number of digits. With the last syntax, digits can be even,\nand they are treated as if they had an extra 0 at the beginning.\n\nNormally, hexadecimal literals are interpreted as binary string, where each\npair of digits represents a character. When used in a numeric context, they\nare interpreted as integers. (See the example below). In no case can a\nhexadecimal literal be a decimal number.\n\nThe first two syntaxes; X\'value\' and x\'value, follow the SQL standard, and\nbehave as a string in all contexts in MariaDB since MariaDB 10.0.3 and MariaDB\n5.5.31 (fixing MDEV-4489). The latter syntax, 0xvalue, is a MySQL/MariaDB\nextension for hex hybrids and behaves as a string or as a number depending on\ncontext. MySQL treats all syntaxes the same, so there may be different results\nin MariaDB and MySQL (see below).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nRepresenting the a character with the three syntaxes explained above:\n\nSELECT x\'61\', X\'61\', 0x61;\n+-------+-------+------+\n| x\'61\' | X\'61\' | 0x61 |\n+-------+-------+------+\n| a     | a     | a    |\n+-------+-------+------+\n\nHexadecimal literals in a numeric context:\n\nSELECT 0 + 0xF, -0xF;\n+---------+------+\n| 0 + 0xF | -0xF |\n+---------+------+\n|      15 |  -15 |\n+---------+------+\n\nFun with Types\n--------------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (a INT, b VARCHAR(10));\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (0x31, 0x61),(COALESCE(0x31), COALESCE(0x61));\n\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+------+------+\n| a    | b    |\n+------+------+\n|   49 | a    |\n|    1 | a    |\n+------+------+\n\nThe reason for the differing results above is that when 0x31 is inserted\ndirectly to the column, it\'s treated as a number, while when 0x31 is passed to\nCOALESCE(), it\'s treated as a string, because:\n\n* HEX values have a string data type by default.\n* COALESCE() has the same data type as the argument.\n\nDifferences Between MariaDB and MySQL\n-------------------------------------\n\nSELECT x\'0a\'+0;\n+---------+\n| x\'0a\'+0 |\n+---------+\n|       0 |\n+---------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nWarning (Code 1292): Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: \'\\x0A\'\n\nSELECT X\'0a\'+0;\n+---------+\n| X\'0a\'+0 |\n+---------+\n|       0 |\n+---------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nWarning (Code 1292): Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: \'\\x0A\'\n\nSELECT 0x0a+0;\n+--------+\n| 0x0a+0 |\n+--------+\n|     10 |\n+--------+\n\nIn MySQL (up until at least MySQL 8.0.26):\n\nSELECT x\'0a\'+0;\n+---------+\n| x\'0a\'+0 |\n+---------+\n|      10 |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT X\'0a\'+0;\n+---------+\n| X\'0a\'+0 |\n+---------+\n|      10 |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT 0x0a+0;\n+--------+\n| 0x0a+0 |\n+--------+\n|     10 |\n+--------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/hexadecimal-literals/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/hexadecimal-literals/'),(470,'Identifier Names',29,'Databases, tables, indexes, columns, aliases, views, stored routines,\ntriggers, events, variables, partitions, tablespaces, savepoints, labels,\nusers, roles, are collectively known as identifiers, and have certain rules\nfor naming.\n\nIdentifiers may be quoted using the backtick character - `. Quoting is\noptional for identifiers that don\'t contain special characters, or for\nidentifiers that are not reserved words. If the ANSI_QUOTES SQL_MODE flag is\nset, double quotes (\") can also be used to quote identifiers. If the MSSQL\nflag is set, square brackets ([ and ]) can be used for quoting.\n\nEven when using reserved words as names, fully qualified names do not need to\nbe quoted. For example, test.select has only one possible meaning, so it is\ncorrectly parsed even without quotes.\n\nUnquoted\n--------\n\nThe following characters are valid, and allow identifiers to be unquoted:\n\n* ASCII: [0-9,a-z,A-Z$_] (numerals 0-9, basic Latin letters, both lowercase\nand uppercase, dollar sign, underscore)\n* Extended: U+0080 .. U+FFFF\n\nQuoted\n------\n\nThe following characters are valid, but identifiers using them must be quoted:\n\n* ASCII: U+0001 .. U+007F (full Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) except\nfor U+0000)\n* Extended: U+0080 .. U+FFFF \n* Identifier quotes can themselves be used as part of an identifier, as long\nas they are quoted.\n\nFurther Rules\n-------------\n\nThere are a number of other rules for identifiers:\n\n* Identifiers are stored as Unicode (UTF-8)\n* Identifiers may or may not be case-sensitive. See Indentifier\nCase-sensitivity.\n* Database, table and column names can\'t end with space characters\n* Identifier names may begin with a numeral, but can\'t only contain numerals\nunless quoted.\n* An identifier starting with a numeral, followed by an \'e\', may be parsed as\na floating point number, and needs to be quoted.\n* Identifiers are not permitted to contain the ASCII NUL character (U+0000)\nand supplementary characters (U+10000 and higher).\n* Names such as 5e6, 9e are not prohibited, but it\'s strongly recommended not\nto use them, as they could lead to ambiguity in certain contexts, being\ntreated as a number or expression.\n* User variables cannot be used as part of an identifier, or as an identifier\nin an SQL statement.\n\nQuote Character\n---------------\n\nThe regular quote character is the backtick character - `, but if the\nANSI_QUOTES SQL_MODE option is specified, a regular double quote - \" may be\nused as well.\n\nThe backtick character can be used as part of an identifier. In that case the\nidentifier needs to be quoted. The quote character can be the backtick, but in\nthat case, the backtick in the name must be escaped with another backtick.\n\nMaximum Length\n--------------\n\n* Databases, tables, columns, indexes, constraints, stored routines, triggers,\nevents, views, tablespaces, servers and log file groups have a maximum length\nof 64 characters.\n* Compound statement labels have a maximum length of 16 characters\n* Aliases have a maximum length of 256 characters, except for column aliases\nin CREATE VIEW statements, which are checked against the maximum column length\nof 64 characters (not the maximum alias length of 256 characters).\n* Users have a maximum length of 80 characters.\n* Roles have a maximum length of 128 characters.\n* Multi-byte characters do not count extra towards towards the character limit.\n\nMultiple Identifiers\n--------------------\n\nMariaDB allows the column name to be used on its own if the reference will be\nunambiguous, or the table name to be used with the column name, or all three\nof the database, table and column names. A period is used to separate the\nidentifiers, and the period can be surrounded by spaces.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nUsing the period to separate identifiers:\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (i int);\n\nINSERT INTO t1(i) VALUES (10);\n\nSELECT i FROM t1;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT t1.i FROM t1;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT test.t1.i FROM t1;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\nThe period can be separated by spaces:\n\nSELECT test . t1 . i FROM t1;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\nResolving ambiguity:\n\nCREATE TABLE t2 (i int);\n\nSELECT i FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.i=t2.i;\nERROR 1052 (23000): Column \'i\' in field list is ambiguous\n\nSELECT t1.i FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.i=t2.i;\n+------+\n| i    |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\nCreating a table with characters that require quoting:\n\nCREATE TABLE 123% (i int);\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; \n check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the\nright syntax \n to use near \'123% (i int)\' at line 1\n\nCREATE TABLE `123%` (i int);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.85 sec)\n\nCREATE TABLE `TABLE` (i int);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)\n\nUsing double quotes as a quoting character:\n\nCREATE TABLE \"SELECT\" (i int);\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; \n check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the\nright syntax \n to use near \'\"SELECT\" (i int)\' at line 1\n\nSET sql_mode=\'ANSI_QUOTES\';\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)\n\nCREATE TABLE \"SELECT\" (i int);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec)\n\nUsing an identifier quote as part of an identifier name:\n\nSHOW VARIABLES LIKE \'sql_mode\';\n+---------------+-------------+\n| Variable_name | Value       |\n+---------------+-------------+\n| sql_mode      | ANSI_QUOTES |\n+---------------+-------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE \"fg`d\" (i int);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.34 sec)\n\nCreating the table named * (Unicode number: U+002A) requires quoting.\n\nCREATE TABLE `*` (a INT);\n\nFloating point ambiguity:\n\nCREATE TABLE 8984444cce5d (x INT);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.38 sec)\n\nCREATE TABLE 8981e56cce5d (x INT);\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; \n check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the\nright syntax \n to use near \'8981e56cce5d (x INT)\' at line 1\n\nCREATE TABLE `8981e56cce5d` (x INT);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/identifier-names/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/identifier-names/'),(474,'Date and Time Literals',29,'Standard syntaxes\n-----------------\n\nMariaDB supports the SQL standard and ODBC syntaxes for DATE, TIME and\nTIMESTAMP literals.\n\nSQL standard syntax:\n\n* DATE \'string\'\n* TIME \'string\'\n* TIMESTAMP \'string\'\n\nODBC syntax:\n\n* {d \'string\'}\n* {t \'string\'}\n* {ts \'string\'}\n\nThe timestamp literals are treated as DATETIME literals, because in MariaDB\nthe range of DATETIME is closer to the TIMESTAMP range in the SQL standard.\n\nstring is a string in a proper format, as explained below.\n\nDATE literals\n-------------\n\nA DATE string is a string in one of the following formats: \'YYYY-MM-DD\' or\n\'YY-MM-DD\'. Note that any punctuation character can be used as delimiter. All\ndelimiters must consist of 1 character. Different delimiters can be used in\nthe same string. Delimiters are optional (but if one delimiter is used, all\ndelimiters must be used).\n\nA DATE literal can also be an integer, in one of the following formats:\nYYYYMMDD or YYMMDD.\n\nAll the following DATE literals are valid, and they all represent the same\nvalue:\n\n\'19940101\'\n\'940101\'\n\'1994-01-01\'\n\'94/01/01\'\n\'1994-01/01\'\n\'94:01!01\'\n19940101\n940101\n\nDATETIME literals\n-----------------\n\nA DATETIME string is a string in one of the following formats: \'YYYY-MM-DD\nHH:MM:SS\' or \'YY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\'. Note that any punctuation character can be\nused as delimiter for the date part and for the time part. All delimiters must\nconsist of 1 character. Different delimiters can be used in the same string.\nThe hours, minutes and seconds parts can consist of one character. For this\nreason, delimiters are mandatory for DATETIME literals.\n\nThe delimiter between the date part and the time part can be a T or any\nsequence of space characters (including tabs, new lines and carriage returns).\n\nA DATETIME literal can also be a number, in one of the following formats:\nYYYYMMDDHHMMSS, YYMMDDHHMMSS, YYYYMMDD or YYMMDD. In this case, all the time\nsubparts must consist of 2 digits.\n\nAll the following DATE literals are valid, and they all represent the same\nvalue:\n\n\'1994-01-01T12:30:03\'\n\'1994/01/01\\n\\t 12+30+03\'\n\'1994/01\\\\01\\n\\t 12+30-03\'\n\'1994-01-01 12:30:3\'\n\nTIME literals\n-------------\n\nA TIME string is a string in one of the following formats: \'D HH:MM:SS\',\n\'HH:MM:SS, \'D HH:MM\', \'HH:MM\', \'D HH\', or \'SS\'. D is a value from 0 to 34\nwhich represents days. : is the only allowed delimiter for TIME literals.\nDelimiters are mandatory, with an exception: the \'HHMMSS\' format is allowed.\nWhen delimiters are used, each part of the literal can consist of one\ncharacter.\n\nA TIME literal can also be a number in one of the following formats: HHMMSS,\nMMSS, or SS.\n\nThe following literals are equivalent:\n\n\'09:05:00\'\n\'9:05:0\'\n\'9:5:0\'\n\'090500\'\n\n2-digit years\n-------------\n\nThe year part in DATE and DATETIME literals is determined as follows:\n\n* 70 - 99 = 1970 - 1999\n* 00 - 69 = 2000 - 2069\n\nMicroseconds\n------------\n\nDATETIME and TIME literals can have an optional microseconds part. For both\nstring and numeric forms, it is expressed as a decimal part. Up to 6 decimal\ndigits are allowed. Examples:\n\n\'12:30:00.123456\'\n123000.123456\n\nSee Microseconds in MariaDB for details.\n\nDate and time literals and the SQL_MODE\n---------------------------------------\n\nUnless the SQL_MODE NO_ZERO_DATE flag is set, some special values are allowed:\nthe \'0000-00-00\' DATE, the \'00:00:00\' TIME, and the 0000-00-00 00:00:00\nDATETIME.\n\nIf the ALLOW_INVALID_DATES flag is set, the invalid dates (for example, 30th\nFebruary) are allowed. If not, if the NO_ZERO_DATE is set, an error is\nproduced; otherwise, a zero-date is returned.\n\nUnless the NO_ZERO_IN_DATE flag is set, each subpart of a date or time value\n(years, hours...) can be set to 0.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/date-and-time-literals/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/date-and-time-literals/'),(476,'Identifier Qualifiers',29,'Qualifiers are used within SQL statements to reference data structures, such\nas databases, tables, or columns. For example, typically a SELECT query\ncontains references to some columns and at least one table.\n\nQualifiers can be composed by one or more identifiers, where the initial parts\naffect the context within which the final identifier is interpreted:\n\n* For a database, only the database identifier needs to be specified.\n* For objects which are contained in a database (like tables, views,\nfunctions, etc) the database identifier can be specified. If no database is\nspecified, the current database is assumed (see USE and DATABASE() for more\ndetails). If there is no default database and no database is specified, an\nerror is issued.\n* For column names, the table and the database are generally obvious from the\ncontext of the statement. It is however possible to specify the table\nidentifier, or the database identifier plus the table identifier.\n* An identifier is fully-qualified if it contains all possible qualifiers, for\nexample, the following column is fully qualified: db_name.tbl_name.col_name.\n\nIf a qualifier is composed by more than one identifier, a dot (.) must be used\nas a separator. All identifiers can be quoted individually. Extra spacing\n(including new lines and tabs) is allowed.\n\nAll the following examples are valid:\n\n* db_name.tbl_name.col_name\n* tbl_name\n* `db_name`.`tbl_name`.`col_name`\n* `db_name` . `tbl_name`\n* db_name. tbl_name\n\nIf a table identifier is prefixed with a dot (.), the default database is\nassumed. This syntax is supported for ODBC compliance, but has no practical\neffect on MariaDB. These qualifiers are equivalent:\n\n* tbl_name\n* . tbl_name\n* .`tbl_name`\n* . `tbl_name`\n\nFor DML statements, it is possible to specify a list of the partitions using\nthe PARTITION clause. See Partition Pruning and Selection for details.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/identifier-qualifiers/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/identifier-qualifiers/'),(477,'Identifier to File Name Mapping',29,'Some identifiers map to a file name on the filesystem. Databases each have\ntheir own directory, while, depending on the storage engine, table names and\nindex names may map to a file name.\n\nNot all characters that are allowed in table names can be used in file names.\nEvery filesystem has its own rules of what characters can be used in file\nnames. To let the user create tables using all characters allowed in the SQL\nStandard and to not depend on whatever particular filesystem a particular\ndatabase resides, MariaDB encodes \"potentially unsafe\" characters in the table\nname to derive the corresponding file name.\n\nThis is implemented using a special character set. MariaDB converts a table\nname to the \"filename\" character set to get the file name for this table. And\nit converts the file name from the \"filename\" character set to, for example,\nutf8 to get the table name for this file name.\n\nThe conversion rules are as follows: if the identifier is made up only of\nbasic Latin numbers, letters and/or the underscore character, the encoding\nmatches the name (see however Identifier Case Sensitivity). Otherwise they are\nencoded according to the following table:\n\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| Code Range      | Pattern    | Number    | Used   | Unused    | Blocks    |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 00C0..017F      | [@][0..4][ | 5*20= 100 | 97     | 3         | Latin-1   |\n|                 | ..z]       |           |        |           | Supplemen |\n|                 |            |           |        |           |  + Latin  |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | Extended- |\n|                 |            |           |        |           |           |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 0370..03FF      | [@][5..9][ | 5*20= 100 | 88     | 12        | Greek     |\n|                 | ..z]       |           |        |           | and       |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | Coptic    |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 0400..052F      | [@][g..z][ | 20*7= 140 | 137    | 3         | Cyrillic  |\n|                 | ..6]       |           |        |           | +         |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | Cyrillic  |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | Supplemen |\n|                 |            |           |        |           |           |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 0530..058F      | [@][g..z][ | 20*2= 40  | 38     | 2         | Armenian  |\n|                 | ..8]       |           |        |           |           |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 2160..217F      | [@][g..z][ | 20*1= 20  | 16     | 4         | Number    |\n|                 | ]          |           |        |           | Forms     |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 0180..02AF      | [@][g..z][ | 20*11=220 | 203    | 17        | Latin     |\n|                 | ..k]       |           |        |           | Extended- |\n|                 |            |           |        |           |  + IPA    |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | Extension |\n|                 |            |           |        |           |           |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 1E00..1EFF      | [@][g..z][ | 20*7= 140 | 136    | 4         | Latin     |\n|                 | ..r]       |           |        |           | Extended  |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | Additiona |\n|                 |            |           |        |           |           |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 1F00..1FFF      | [@][g..z][ | 20*8= 160 | 144    | 16        | Greek     |\n|                 | ..z]       |           |        |           | Extended  |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| .... ....       | [@][a..f][ | 6*20= 120 | 0      | 120       | RESERVED  |\n|                 | ..z]       |           |        |           |           |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| 24B6..24E9      | [@][@][a.. | 26        | 26     | 0         | Enclosed  |\n|                 | ]          |           |        |           | Alphanume |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | ics       |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n| FF21..FF5A      | [@][a..z][ | 26        | 26     | 0         | Halfwidth |\n|                 | ]          |           |        |           | and       |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | Fullwidth |\n|                 |            |           |        |           | forms     |\n+-----------------+------------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------+\n\nCode Range values are UCS-2.\n\nAll of this encoding happens transparently at the filesystem level with one\nexception. Until MySQL 5.1.6, an old encoding was used. Identifiers created in\na version before MySQL 5.1.6, and which haven\'t been updated to the new\nencoding, the server prefixes mysql50 to their name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nFind the file name for a table with a non-Latin1 name:\n\nselect cast(convert(\"this_is_таблица\" USING filename) as binary);\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| cast(convert(\"this_is_таблица\" USING filename) as binary)        |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| this_is_@y0@g0@h0@r0@o0@i1@g0                                    |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nFind the table name for a file name:\n\nselect convert(_filename \"this_is_@y0@g0@h0@r0@o0@i1@g0\" USING utf8);\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| convert(_filename \"this_is_@y0@g0@h0@r0@o0@i1@g0\" USING utf8) |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| this_is_таблица                                               |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nAn old table created before MySQL 5.1.6, with the old encoding:\n\nSHOW TABLES;\n+--------------------+\n| Tables_in_test     |\n+--------------------+\n| #mysql50#table@1   |\n+--------------------+\n\nThe prefix needs to be supplied to reference this table:\n\nSHOW COLUMNS FROM `table@1`;\nERROR 1146 (42S02): Table \'test.table@1\' doesn\'t exist\n\nSHOW COLUMNS FROM `#mysql50#table@1`;\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n| i     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/identifier-to-file-name-mapping/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/identifier-to-file-name-mapping/'),(478,'Numeric Literals',29,'Numeric literals are written as a sequence of digits from 0 to 9. Initial\nzeros are ignored. A sign can always precede the digits, but it is optional\nfor positive numbers. In decimal numbers, the integer part and the decimal\npart are divided with a dot (.).\n\nIf the integer part is zero, it can be omitted, but the literal must begin\nwith a dot.\n\nThe notation with exponent can be used. The exponent is preceded by an E or e\ncharacter. The exponent can be preceded by a sign and must be an integer. A\nnumber N with an exponent part X, is calculated as N * POW(10, X).\n\nIn some cases, adding zeroes at the end of a decimal number can increment the\nprecision of the expression where the number is used. For example, PI() by\ndefault returns a number with 6 decimal digits. But the PI()+0.0000000000\nexpression (with 10 zeroes) returns a number with 10 decimal digits.\n\nHexadecimal literals are interpreted as numbers when used in numeric contexts.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\n10\n+10\n-10\n\nAll these literals are equivalent:\n\n0.1\n.1\n+0.1\n+.1\n\nWith exponents:\n\n0.2E3 -- 0.2 * POW(10, 3) = 200\n.2e3\n.2e+2\n1.1e-10 -- 0.00000000011\n-1.1e10 -- -11000000000\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/numeric-iterals/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/numeric-iterals/'),(480,'String Literals',29,'Strings are sequences of characters and are enclosed with quotes.\n\nThe syntax is:\n\n[_charset_name]\'string\' [COLLATE collation_name]\n\nFor example:\n\n\'The MariaDB Foundation\'\n_utf8 \'Foundation\' COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci;\n\nStrings can either be enclosed in single quotes or in double quotes (the same\ncharacter must be used to both open and close the string).\n\nThe ANSI SQL-standard does not permit double quotes for enclosing strings, and\nalthough MariaDB does by default, if the MariaDB server has enabled the\nANSI_QUOTES_SQL SQL_MODE, double quotes will be treated as being used for\nidentifiers instead of strings.\n\nStrings that are next to each other are automatically concatenated. For\nexample:\n\n\'The \' \'MariaDB \' \'Foundation\'\n\nand\n\n\'The MariaDB Foundation\'\n\nare equivalent.\n\nThe \\ (backslash character) is used to escape characters (unless the SQL_MODE\nhasn\'t been set to NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES). For example:\n\n\'MariaDB\'s new features\'\n\nis not a valid string because of the single quote in the middle of the string,\nwhich is treated as if it closes the string, but is actually meant as part of\nthe string, an apostrophe. The backslash character helps in situations like\nthis:\n\n\'MariaDB\\\'s new features\'\n\nis now a valid string, and if displayed, will appear without the backslash.\n\nSELECT \'MariaDB\\\'s new features\';\n+------------------------+\n| MariaDB\'s new features |\n+------------------------+\n| MariaDB\'s new features |\n+------------------------+\n\nAnother way to escape the quoting character is repeating it twice:\n\nSELECT \'I\'\'m here\', \"\"\"Double\"\"\";\n+----------+----------+\n| I\'m here | \"Double\" |\n+----------+----------+\n| I\'m here | \"Double\" |\n+----------+----------+\n\nEscape Sequences\n----------------\n\nThere are other escape sequences also. Here is a full list:\n\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| Escape sequence                               | Character                   |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\0                                            | ASCII NUL (0x00).           |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\\'                                            | Single quote (\"\'\").         |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\\"                                            | Double quote (\"\"\").         |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\b                                            | Backspace.                  |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\n                                            | Newline, or linefeed,.      |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\r                                            | Carriage return.            |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\t                                            | Tab.                        |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\Z                                            | ASCII 26 (Control+Z). See   |\n|                                               | note following the table.   |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\\\                                            | Backslash (\"\\\").            |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\%                                            | \"%\" character. See note     |\n|                                               | following the table.        |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\_                                            | A \"_\" character. See note   |\n|                                               | following the table.        |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n\nEscaping the % and _ characters can be necessary when using the LIKE operator,\nwhich treats them as special characters.\n\nThe ASCII 26 character (\\Z) needs to be escaped when included in a batch file\nwhich needs to be executed in Windows. The reason is that ASCII 26, in\nWindows, is the end of file (EOF).\n\nBackslash (\\), if not used as an escape character, must always be escaped.\nWhen followed by a character that is not in the above table, backslashes will\nsimply be ignored.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/string-literals/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/string-literals/'),(481,'Table Value Constructors',29,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.3\n----------------------------\nTable Value Constructors were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.3\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nVALUES ( row_value[, row_value...]), (...)...\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nIn Unions, Views, and sub-queries, a Table Value Constructor (TVC) allows you\nto inject arbitrary values into the result-set. The given values must have the\nsame number of columns as the result-set, otherwise it returns Error 1222.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nUsing TVC\'s with UNION operations:\n\nCREATE TABLE test.t1 (val1 INT, val2 INT);\nINSERT INTO test.t1 VALUES(5, 8), (3, 4), (1, 2);\n\nSELECT * FROM test.t1\nUNION\nVALUES (70, 90), (100, 110);\n\n+------+------+\n| val1 | val2 |\n+------+------+\n|    5 |    8 | \n|    3 |    4 |\n|    1 |    2 |\n|   70 |   90 |\n|  100 |  110 |\n+------+------+\n\nUsing TVC\'s with a CREATE VIEW statement:\n\nCREATE VIEW v1 AS VALUES (7, 9), (9, 10);\n\nSELECT * FROM v1;\n+---+----+\n| 7 |  9 |\n+---+----+\n| 7 |  9 |\n| 9 | 10 |\n+---+----+\n\nUsing TVC with an ORDER BY clause:\n\nSELECT * FROM test.t1\nUNION\nVALUES (10, 20), (30, 40), (50, 60), (70, 80)\nORDER BY val1 DESC;\n\nUsing TVC with LIMIT clause:\n\nSELECT * FROM test.t1\nUNION\nVALUES (10, 20), (30, 40), (50, 60), (70, 80)\nLIMIT 2 OFFSET 4;\n\n+------+------+\n| val1 | val2 |\n+------+------+\n|   30 |   40 | \n|   50 |   60 |\n+------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/table-value-constructors/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/table-value-constructors/'),(482,'User-Defined Variables',29,'User-defined variables are variables which can be created by the user and\nexist in the session. This means that no one can access user-defined variables\nthat have been set by another user, and when the session is closed these\nvariables expire. However, these variables can be shared between several\nqueries and stored programs.\n\nUser-defined variables names must be preceded by a single at character (@).\nWhile it is safe to use a reserved word as a user-variable name, the only\nallowed characters are ASCII letters, digits, dollar sign ($), underscore (_)\nand dot (.). If other characters are used, the name can be quoted in one of\nthe following ways:\n\n* @`var_name`\n* @\'var_name\'\n* @\"var_name\"\n\nThese characters can be escaped as usual.\n\nUser-variables names are case insensitive, though they were case sensitive in\nMySQL 4.1 and older versions.\n\nUser-defined variables cannot be declared. They can be read even if no value\nhas been set yet; in that case, they are NULL. To set a value for a\nuser-defined variable you can use:\n\n* SET statement;\n* := operator within a SQL statement;\n* SELECT ... INTO.\n\nSince user-defined variables type cannot be declared, the only way to force\ntheir type is using CAST() or CONVERT():\n\nSET @str = CAST(123 AS CHAR(5));\n\nIf a variable has not been used yet, its value is NULL:\n\nSELECT @x IS NULL;\n+------------+\n| @x IS NULL |\n+------------+\n|          1 |\n+------------+\n\nIt is unsafe to read a user-defined variable and set its value in the same\nstatement (unless the command is SET), because the order of these actions is\nundefined.\n\nUser-defined variables can be used in most MariaDB\'s statements and clauses\nwhich accept an SQL expression. However there are some exceptions, like the\nLIMIT clause.\n\nThey must be used to PREPARE a prepared statement:\n\n@sql = \'DELETE FROM my_table WHERE c>1;\';\nPREPARE stmt FROM @sql;\nEXECUTE stmt;\nDEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;\n\nAnother common use is to include a counter in a query:\n\nSET @var = 0;\nSELECT a, b, c, (@var:=@var+1) AS counter FROM my_table;\n\nInformation Schema\n------------------\n\nUser-defined variables can be viewed in the Information Schema USER_VARIABLES\nTable (as part of the User Variables plugin) from MariaDB 10.2.\n\nFlushing User-Defined Variables\n-------------------------------\n\nUser-defined variables are reset and the Information Schema table emptied with\nthe FLUSH USER_VARIABLES statement.\n\nSET @str = CAST(123 AS CHAR(5));\n\nSELECT * FROM information_schema.USER_VARIABLES ORDER BY VARIABLE_NAME;\n+---------------+----------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| VARIABLE_NAME | VARIABLE_VALUE | VARIABLE_TYPE | CHARACTER_SET_NAME |\n+---------------+----------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| str           | 123            | VARCHAR       | utf8mb3            |\n+---------------+----------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nFLUSH USER_VARIABLES;\n\nSELECT * FROM information_schema.USER_VARIABLES ORDER BY VARIABLE_NAME;\nEmpty set (0.000 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/user-defined-variables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/user-defined-variables/'),(483,'Delimiters',29,'The default delimiter in the mysql client (from MariaDB 10.4.6, also called\nmariadb) is the semicolon.\n\nWhen creating stored programs from the command-line, it is likely you will\nneed to differentiate between the regular delimiter and a delimiter inside a\nBEGIN END block. To understand better, consider the following example:\n\nCREATE FUNCTION FortyTwo() RETURNS TINYINT DETERMINISTIC\nBEGIN\n DECLARE x TINYINT;\n SET x = 42;\n RETURN x;\nEND;\n\nIf you enter the above line by line, the mysql client will treat the first\nsemicolon, at the end of the DECLARE x TINYINT line, as the end of the\nstatement. Since that\'s only a partial definition, it will throw a syntax\nerror, as follows:\n\nCREATE FUNCTION FortyTwo() RETURNS TINYINT DETERMINISTIC\nBEGIN\nDECLARE x TINYINT;\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; \ncheck the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version\n for the right syntax to use near \'\' at line 3\n\nThe solution is to specify a distinct delimiter for the duration of the\nprocess, using the DELIMITER command. The delimiter can be any set of\ncharacters you choose, but it needs to be a distinctive set of characters that\nwon\'t cause further confusion. // is a common choice, and used throughout the\nknowledgebase.\n\nHere\'s how the function could be successfully entered from the mysql client\nwith the new delimiter.\n\nDELIMITER //\n\nCREATE FUNCTION FortyTwo() RETURNS TINYINT DETERMINISTIC\nBEGIN\n DECLARE x TINYINT;\n SET x = 42;\n RETURN x;\nEND\n\n//\n\nDELIMITER ;\n\nAt the end, the delimiter is restored to the default semicolon. The \\g and \\G\ndelimiters can always be used, even when a custom delimiter is specified.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/delimiters/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/delimiters/'),(491,'ST_CONTAINS',30,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_CONTAINS(g1,g2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether a geometry g1 completely contains geometry\ng2.\n\nST_CONTAINS() uses object shapes, while CONTAINS(), based on the original\nMySQL implementation, uses object bounding rectangles.\n\nST_CONTAINS tests the opposite relationship to ST_WITHIN().\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POLYGON((175 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 175\n150))\');\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(174 149)\');\n\nSELECT ST_CONTAINS(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| ST_CONTAINS(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    1 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(175 151)\');\n\nSELECT ST_CONTAINS(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| ST_CONTAINS(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    0 |\n+----------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-contains/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-contains/'),(492,'ST_CROSSES',30,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_CROSSES(g1,g2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 if geometry g1 spatially crosses geometry g2. Returns NULL if g1 is\na Polygon or a MultiPolygon, or if g2 is a Point or a MultiPoint. Otherwise,\nreturns 0.\n\nThe term spatially crosses denotes a spatial relation between two given\ngeometries that has the following properties:\n\n* The two geometries intersect\n* Their intersection results in a geometry that has a dimension that is one\n less than the maximum dimension of the two given geometries\n* Their intersection is not equal to either of the two given geometries\n\nST_CROSSES() uses object shapes, while CROSSES(), based on the original MySQL\nimplementation, uses object bounding rectangles.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(174 149, 176 151)\');\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POLYGON((175 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 175\n150))\');\n\nSELECT ST_CROSSES(@g1,@g2);\n+---------------------+\n| ST_CROSSES(@g1,@g2) |\n+---------------------+\n|                   1 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(176 149, 176 151)\');\n\nSELECT ST_CROSSES(@g1,@g2);\n+---------------------+\n| ST_CROSSES(@g1,@g2) |\n+---------------------+\n|                   0 |\n+---------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-crosses/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-crosses/'),(494,'ST_DISJOINT',30,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_DISJOINT(g1,g2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether geometry g1 is spatially disjoint from\n(does not intersect with) geometry g2.\n\nST_DISJOINT() uses object shapes, while DISJOINT(), based on the original\nMySQL implementation, uses object bounding rectangles.\n\nST_DISJOINT() tests the opposite relationship to ST_INTERSECTS().\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(0 0)\');\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(2 0, 0 2)\');\n\nSELECT ST_DISJOINT(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| ST_DISJOINT(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    1 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 2)\');\n\nSELECT ST_DISJOINT(@g1,@g2);\n+----------------------+\n| ST_DISJOINT(@g1,@g2) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    0 |\n+----------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_disjoint/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_disjoint/'),(497,'ST_EQUALS',30,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_EQUALS(g1,g2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether geometry g1 is spatially equal to geometry\ng2.\n\nST_EQUALS() uses object shapes, while EQUALS(), based on the original MySQL\nimplementation, uses object bounding rectangles.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(174 149, 176 151)\');\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(176 151, 174 149)\');\n\nSELECT ST_EQUALS(@g1,@g2);\n+--------------------+\n| ST_EQUALS(@g1,@g2) |\n+--------------------+\n|                  1 |\n+--------------------+\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(0 2)\');\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(2 0)\');\n\nSELECT ST_EQUALS(@g1,@g2);\n+--------------------+\n| ST_EQUALS(@g1,@g2) |\n+--------------------+\n|                  0 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-equals/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-equals/'),(498,'ST_INTERSECTS',30,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_INTERSECTS(g1,g2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether geometry g1 spatially intersects geometry\ng2.\n\nST_INTERSECTS() uses object shapes, while INTERSECTS(), based on the original\nMySQL implementation, uses object bounding rectangles.\n\nST_INTERSECTS() tests the opposite relationship to ST_DISJOINT().\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(0 0)\');\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(0 0, 0 2)\');\n\nSELECT ST_INTERSECTS(@g1,@g2);\n+------------------------+\n| ST_INTERSECTS(@g1,@g2) |\n+------------------------+\n|                      1 |\n+------------------------+\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(2 0, 0 2)\');\n\nSELECT ST_INTERSECTS(@g1,@g2);\n+------------------------+\n| ST_INTERSECTS(@g1,@g2) |\n+------------------------+\n|                      0 |\n+------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-intersects/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-intersects/'),(501,'ST_TOUCHES',30,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_TOUCHES(g1,g2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether geometry g1 spatially touches geometry g2.\nTwo geometries spatially touch if the interiors of the geometries do not\nintersect, but the boundary of one of the geometries intersects either the\nboundary or the interior of the other.\n\nST_TOUCHES() uses object shapes, while TOUCHES(), based on the original MySQL\nimplementation, uses object bounding rectangles.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(2 0)\');\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'LINESTRING(2 0, 0 2)\');\n\nSELECT ST_TOUCHES(@g1,@g2);\n+---------------------+\n| ST_TOUCHES(@g1,@g2) |\n+---------------------+\n|                   1 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(2 1)\');\n\nSELECT ST_TOUCHES(@g1,@g2);\n+---------------------+\n| ST_TOUCHES(@g1,@g2) |\n+---------------------+\n|                   0 |\n+---------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-touches/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-touches/'),(502,'ST_WITHIN',30,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_WITHIN(g1,g2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether geometry g1 is spatially within geometry g2.\n\nThis tests the opposite relationship as ST_CONTAINS().\n\nST_WITHIN() uses object shapes, while WITHIN(), based on the original MySQL\nimplementation, uses object bounding rectangles.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(174 149)\');\n\nSET @g2 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POLYGON((175 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 175\n150))\');\n\nSELECT ST_WITHIN(@g1,@g2);\n+--------------------+\n| ST_WITHIN(@g1,@g2) |\n+--------------------+\n|                  1 |\n+--------------------+\n\nSET @g1 = ST_GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(176 151)\');\n\nSELECT ST_WITHIN(@g1,@g2);\n+--------------------+\n| ST_WITHIN(@g1,@g2) |\n+--------------------+\n|                  0 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-within/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st-within/'),(504,'WITHIN',30,'Syntax\n------\n\nWithin(g1,g2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 or 0 to indicate whether g1 is spatially within g2. This tests the\nopposite relationship as Contains().\n\nWITHIN() is based on the original MySQL implementation, and uses object\nbounding rectangles, while ST_WITHIN() uses object shapes.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g1 = GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(174 149)\');\nSET @g2 = GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POINT(176 151)\');\nSET @g3 = GEOMFROMTEXT(\'POLYGON((175 150, 20 40, 50 60, 125 100, 175 150))\');\n\nSELECT within(@g1,@g3);\n+-----------------+\n| within(@g1,@g3) |\n+-----------------+\n|               1 |\n+-----------------+\n\nSELECT within(@g2,@g3);\n+-----------------+\n| within(@g2,@g3) |\n+-----------------+\n|               0 |\n+-----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/within/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/within/'),(507,'ADD_MONTHS',31,'MariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nThe ADD_MONTHS function was introduced in MariaDB 10.6.1 to enhance Oracle\ncompatibility. Similar functionality can be achieved with the DATE_ADD\nfunction.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nADD_MONTHS(date, months)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nADD_MONTHS adds an integer months to a given date (DATE, DATETIME or\nTIMESTAMP), returning the resulting date.\n\nmonths can be positive or negative.\n\nThe resulting day component will remain the same as that specified in date,\nunless the resulting month has fewer days than the day component of the given\ndate, in which case the day will be the last day of the resulting month.\n\nReturns NULL if given an invalid date, or a NULL argument.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', 2);\n+-----------------------------+\n| ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', 2) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| 2012-03-31                  |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', -5);\n+------------------------------+\n| ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', -5) |\n+------------------------------+\n| 2011-08-31                   |\n+------------------------------+\n\nSELECT ADD_MONTHS(\'2011-01-31\', 1);\n+-----------------------------+\n| ADD_MONTHS(\'2011-01-31\', 1) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| 2011-02-28                  |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', 1);\n+-----------------------------+\n| ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', 1) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| 2012-02-29                  |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', 2);\n+-----------------------------+\n| ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', 2) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| 2012-03-31                  |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', 3);\n+-----------------------------+\n| ADD_MONTHS(\'2012-01-31\', 3) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| 2012-04-30                  |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/add_months/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/add_months/'),(508,'ADDDATE',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), ADDDATE(expr,days)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nWhen invoked with the INTERVAL form of the second argument, ADDDATE() is a\nsynonym for DATE_ADD(). The related function SUBDATE() is a synonym for\nDATE_SUB(). For information on the INTERVAL unit argument, see the discussion\nfor DATE_ADD().\n\nWhen invoked with the days form of the second argument, MariaDB treats it as\nan integer number of days to be added to expr.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT DATE_ADD(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY);\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| DATE_ADD(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY) |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| 2008-02-02                              |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT ADDDATE(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY);\n+----------------------------------------+\n| ADDDATE(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY) |\n+----------------------------------------+\n| 2008-02-02                             |\n+----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT ADDDATE(\'2008-01-02\', 31);\n+---------------------------+\n| ADDDATE(\'2008-01-02\', 31) |\n+---------------------------+\n| 2008-02-02                |\n+---------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d, ADDDATE(d, 10) from t1;\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n| d                   | ADDDATE(d, 10)      |\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 | 2007-02-09 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 | 1983-10-25 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 | 2011-05-01 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 | 2011-11-09 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 | 2011-02-09 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 | 2004-10-17 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n\nSELECT d, ADDDATE(d, INTERVAL 10 HOUR) from t1;\n+---------------------+------------------------------+\n| d                   | ADDDATE(d, INTERVAL 10 HOUR) |\n+---------------------+------------------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 | 2007-01-31 07:31:07          |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 | 1983-10-15 16:42:51          |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 | 2011-04-21 22:34:56          |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 | 2011-10-30 16:31:41          |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 | 2011-01-31 00:03:25          |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 | 2004-10-07 21:19:34          |\n+---------------------+------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/adddate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/adddate/'),(505,'Microseconds in MariaDB',31,'The TIME, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP types, along with the temporal functions,\nCAST and dynamic columns, support microseconds. The datetime precision of a\ncolumn can be specified when creating the table with CREATE TABLE, for example:\n\nCREATE TABLE example(\n col_microsec DATETIME(6),\n col_millisec TIME(3)\n);\n\nGenerally, the precision can be specified for any TIME, DATETIME, or TIMESTAMP\ncolumn, in parentheses, after the type name. The datetime precision specifies\nnumber of digits after the decimal dot and can be any integer number from 0 to\n6. If no precision is specified it is assumed to be 0, for backward\ncompatibility reasons.\n\nA datetime precision can be specified wherever a type name is used. For\nexample:\n\n* when declaring arguments of stored routines.\n* when specifying a return type of a stored function.\n* when declaring variables.\n* in a CAST function:create function example(x datetime(5)) returns time(4)\nbegin\n declare y timestamp(6);\n return cast(x as time(2));\nend;\n\n%f is used as the formatting option for microseconds in the STR_TO_DATE,\nDATE_FORMAT and FROM_UNIXTIME functions, for example:\n\nSELECT STR_TO_DATE(\'20200809 020917076\',\'%Y%m%d %H%i%s%f\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| STR_TO_DATE(\'20200809 020917076\',\'%Y%m%d %H%i%s%f\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 2020-08-09 02:09:17.076000                          |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nAdditional Information\n----------------------\n\n* when comparing anything to a temporal value (DATETIME, TIME, DATE, or\nTIMESTAMP), both values are compared as temporal values, not as strings.\n* The INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS table has a new column DATETIME_PRECISION\n* NOW(), CURTIME(), UTC_TIMESTAMP(), UTC_TIME(), CURRENT_TIME(),\nCURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), LOCALTIME() and LOCALTIMESTAMP() now accept datetime\nprecision as an optional argument. For example:SELECT CURTIME(4);\n--> 10:11:12.3456\n\n* TIME_TO_SEC() and UNIX_TIMESTAMP() preserve microseconds of the argument.\nThese functions will return a decimal number if the result non-zero datetime\nprecision and an integer otherwise (for backward compatibility).SELECT\nTIME_TO_SEC(\'10:10:10.12345\');\n--> 36610.12345\n\n* Current versions of this patch fix a bug in the following optimization: in\n certain queries with DISTINCT MariaDB can ignore this clause if it can\n prove that all result rows are unique anyway, for example, when a primary key\n is compared with a constant. Sometimes this optimization was applied\n incorrectly, though — for example, when comparing a\n string with a date constant. This is now fixed.\n* DATE_ADD() and DATE_SUB() functions can now take a TIME\n expression as an argument (not just DATETIME as before).SELECT\nTIME(\'10:10:10\') + INTERVAL 100 MICROSECOND;\n--> 10:10:10.000100\n\n* The event_time field in the mysql.general_log table and the start_time,\nquery_time, and lock_time fields in the mysql.slow_log table now store values\nwith microsecond precision.\n* This patch fixed a bug when comparing a temporal value using the BETWEEN\noperator and one of the operands is NULL.\n* The old syntax TIMESTAMP(N), where N is the display width, is no longer\nsupported. It was deprecated in MySQL 4.1.0 (released on\n 2003-04-03).\n* when a DATETIME value is compared to a TIME value, the latter is treated as\na full datetime with a zero date part, similar to comparing DATE to a\nDATETIME, or to comparing DECIMAL numbers.\n Earlier versions of MariaDB used to compare only the time part of both\noperands in such a case.\n* In MariaDB, an extra column TIME_MS has been added to the\nINFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST table, as well as to the output of SHOW FULL\nPROCESSLIST.\n\nNote: When you convert a temporal value to a value with a smaller precision,\nit will be truncated, not rounded. This is done to guarantee that the date\npart is not changed. For example:\n\nSELECT CAST(\'2009-12-31 23:59:59.998877\' as DATETIME(3));\n-> 2009-12-31 23:59:59.998\n\nMySQL 5.6 Microseconds\n----------------------\n\nMySQL 5.6 introduced microseconds using a slightly different implementation to\nMariaDB 5.3. Since MariaDB 10.1, MariaDB has defaulted to the MySQL format, by\nmeans of the --mysql56-temporal-format variable. The MySQL version requires\nslightly more storage but has some advantages in permitting the eventual\nsupport of negative dates, and in replication.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/microseconds-in-mariadb/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/microseconds-in-mariadb/'),(509,'ADDTIME',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nADDTIME(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nADDTIME() adds expr2 to expr1 and returns the result. expr1 is a time or\ndatetime expression, and expr2 is a time expression.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT ADDTIME(\'2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999\', \'1 1:1:1.000002\');\n+---------------------------------------------------------+\n| ADDTIME(\'2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999\', \'1 1:1:1.000002\') |\n+---------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2008-01-02 01:01:01.000001                              |\n+---------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT ADDTIME(\'01:00:00.999999\', \'02:00:00.999998\');\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| ADDTIME(\'01:00:00.999999\', \'02:00:00.999998\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| 03:00:01.999997                               |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/addtime/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/addtime/'),(506,'Date and Time Units',31,'The INTERVAL keyword can be used to add or subtract a time interval of time to\na DATETIME, DATE or TIME value.\n\nThe syntax is:\n\nINTERVAL time_quantity time_unit\n\nFor example, the SECOND unit is used below by the DATE_ADD() function:\n\nSELECT \'2008-12-31 23:59:59\' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND;\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| \'2008-12-31 23:59:59\' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| 2009-01-01 00:00:00                       |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n\nThe following units are valid:\n\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| Unit                | Description                                          |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND         | Microseconds                                         |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| SECOND              | Seconds                                              |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| MINUTE              | Minutes                                              |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| HOUR                | Hours                                                |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| DAY                 | Days                                                 |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| WEEK                | Weeks                                                |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| MONTH               | Months                                               |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| QUARTER             | Quarters                                             |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| YEAR                | Years                                                |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| SECOND_MICROSECOND  | Seconds.Microseconds                                 |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| MINUTE_MICROSECOND  | Minutes.Seconds.Microseconds                         |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| MINUTE_SECOND       | Minutes.Seconds                                      |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| HOUR_MICROSECOND    | Hours.Minutes.Seconds.Microseconds                   |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| HOUR_SECOND         | Hours.Minutes.Seconds                                |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| HOUR_MINUTE         | Hours.Minutes                                        |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| DAY_MICROSECOND     | Days Hours.Minutes.Seconds.Microseconds              |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| DAY_SECOND          | Days Hours.Minutes.Seconds                           |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| DAY_MINUTE          | Days Hours.Minutes                                   |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| DAY_HOUR            | Days Hours                                           |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n| YEAR_MONTH          | Years-Months                                         |\n+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe time units containing an underscore are composite; that is, they consist\nof multiple base time units. For base time units, time_quantity is an integer\nnumber. For composite units, the quantity must be expressed as a string with\nmultiple integer numbers separated by any punctuation character.\n\nExample of composite units:\n\nINTERVAL \'2:2\' YEAR_MONTH\nINTERVAL \'1:30:30\' HOUR_SECOND\nINTERVAL \'1!30!30\' HOUR_SECOND -- same as above\n\nTime units can be used in the following contexts:\n\n* after a + or a - operator;\n* with the following DATE or TIME functions: ADDDATE(), SUBDATE(), DATE_ADD(),\nDATE_SUB(), TIMESTAMPADD(), TIMESTAMPDIFF(), EXTRACT();\n* in the ON SCHEDULE clause of CREATE EVENT and ALTER EVENT.\n* when defining a partitioning BY SYSTEM_TIME\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/date-and-time-units/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/date-and-time-units/'),(510,'CONVERT_TZ',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nCONVERT_TZ(dt,from_tz,to_tz)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCONVERT_TZ() converts a datetime value dt from the time zone given by from_tz\nto the time zone given by to_tz and returns the resulting value.\n\nIn order to use named time zones, such as GMT, MET or Africa/Johannesburg, the\ntime_zone tables must be loaded (see mysql_tzinfo_to_sql).\n\nNo conversion will take place if the value falls outside of the supported\nTIMESTAMP range (\'1970-01-01 00:00:01\' to \'2038-01-19 05:14:07\' UTC) when\nconverted from from_tz to UTC.\n\nThis function returns NULL if the arguments are invalid (or named time zones\nhave not been loaded).\n\nSee time zones for more information.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CONVERT_TZ(\'2016-01-01 12:00:00\',\'+00:00\',\'+10:00\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| CONVERT_TZ(\'2016-01-01 12:00:00\',\'+00:00\',\'+10:00\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 2016-01-01 22:00:00                                 |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nUsing named time zones (with the time zone tables loaded):\n\nSELECT CONVERT_TZ(\'2016-01-01 12:00:00\',\'GMT\',\'Africa/Johannesburg\');\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| CONVERT_TZ(\'2016-01-01 12:00:00\',\'GMT\',\'Africa/Johannesburg\') |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2016-01-01 14:00:00                                           |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe value is out of the TIMESTAMP range, so no conversion takes place:\n\nSELECT CONVERT_TZ(\'1969-12-31 22:00:00\',\'+00:00\',\'+10:00\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| CONVERT_TZ(\'1969-12-31 22:00:00\',\'+00:00\',\'+10:00\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 1969-12-31 22:00:00                                 |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/convert_tz/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/convert_tz/'),(511,'CURDATE',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nCURDATE()\nCURRENT_DATE\nCURRENT_DATE()\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCURDATE returns the current date as a value in \'YYYY-MM-DD\' or YYYYMMDD\nformat, depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric\ncontext.\n\nCURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_DATE() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CURDATE();\n+------------+\n| CURDATE()  |\n+------------+\n| 2019-03-05 |\n+------------+\n\nIn a numeric context (note this is not performing date calculations):\n\nSELECT CURDATE() +0;\n+--------------+\n| CURDATE() +0 |\n+--------------+\n|     20190305 |\n+--------------+\n\nData calculation:\n\nSELECT CURDATE() - INTERVAL 5 DAY;\n+----------------------------+\n| CURDATE() - INTERVAL 5 DAY |\n+----------------------------+\n| 2019-02-28                 |\n+----------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/curdate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/curdate/'),(517,'DATEDIFF',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nDATEDIFF(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDATEDIFF() returns (expr1 – expr2) expressed as a value in days from one date\nto the other. expr1 and expr2 are date or date-and-time expressions. Only the\ndate parts of the values are used in the calculation.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT DATEDIFF(\'2007-12-31 23:59:59\',\'2007-12-30\');\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| DATEDIFF(\'2007-12-31 23:59:59\',\'2007-12-30\') |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n|                                            1 |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT DATEDIFF(\'2010-11-30 23:59:59\',\'2010-12-31\');\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| DATEDIFF(\'2010-11-30 23:59:59\',\'2010-12-31\') |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n|                                          -31 |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT NOW();\n+---------------------+\n| NOW()               |\n+---------------------+\n| 2011-05-23 10:56:05 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT d, DATEDIFF(NOW(),d) FROM t1;\n+---------------------+-------------------+\n| d                   | DATEDIFF(NOW(),d) |\n+---------------------+-------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |              1574 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |             10082 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |                32 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |              -160 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |               113 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |              2419 |\n+---------------------+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/datediff/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/datediff/'),(518,'DATE_ADD',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nDATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr unit)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPerforms date arithmetic. The date argument specifies the starting date or\ndatetime value. expr is an expression specifying the interval value to be\nadded or subtracted from the starting date. expr is a string; it may start\nwith a \"-\" for negative intervals. unit is a keyword indicating the units in\nwhich the expression should be interpreted. See Date and Time Units for a\ncomplete list of permitted units.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT \'2008-12-31 23:59:59\' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND;\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| \'2008-12-31 23:59:59\' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| 2009-01-01 00:00:00                       |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT INTERVAL 1 DAY + \'2008-12-31\';\n+-------------------------------+\n| INTERVAL 1 DAY + \'2008-12-31\' |\n+-------------------------------+\n| 2009-01-01                    |\n+-------------------------------+\n\nSELECT \'2005-01-01\' - INTERVAL 1 SECOND;\n+----------------------------------+\n| \'2005-01-01\' - INTERVAL 1 SECOND |\n+----------------------------------+\n| 2004-12-31 23:59:59              |\n+----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT DATE_ADD(\'2000-12-31 23:59:59\', INTERVAL 1 SECOND);\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n| DATE_ADD(\'2000-12-31 23:59:59\', INTERVAL 1 SECOND) |\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n| 2001-01-01 00:00:00                                |\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT DATE_ADD(\'2010-12-31 23:59:59\', INTERVAL 1 DAY);\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n| DATE_ADD(\'2010-12-31 23:59:59\', INTERVAL 1 DAY) |\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n| 2011-01-01 23:59:59                             |\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT DATE_ADD(\'2100-12-31 23:59:59\', INTERVAL \'1:1\' MINUTE_SECOND);\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| DATE_ADD(\'2100-12-31 23:59:59\', INTERVAL \'1:1\' MINUTE_SECOND) |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2101-01-01 00:01:00                                           |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT DATE_ADD(\'1900-01-01 00:00:00\', INTERVAL \'-1 10\' DAY_HOUR);\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| DATE_ADD(\'1900-01-01 00:00:00\', INTERVAL \'-1 10\' DAY_HOUR) |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 1899-12-30 14:00:00                                        |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT DATE_ADD(\'1992-12-31 23:59:59.000002\', INTERVAL \'1.999999\'\nSECOND_MICROSECOND);\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n-+\n| DATE_ADD(\'1992-12-31 23:59:59.000002\', INTERVAL \'1.999999\'\nSECOND_MICROSECOND) |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n-+\n| 1993-01-01 00:00:01.000001                                                  \n |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n-+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/date_add/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/date_add/'),(520,'DATE_SUB',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nDATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPerforms date arithmetic. The date argument specifies the starting date or\ndatetime value. expr is an expression specifying the interval value to be\nadded or subtracted from the starting date. expr is a string; it may start\nwith a \"-\" for negative intervals. unit is a keyword indicating the units in\nwhich the expression should be interpreted. See Date and Time Units for a\ncomplete list of permitted units.\n\nSee also DATE_ADD().\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT DATE_SUB(\'1998-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY);\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| DATE_SUB(\'1998-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY) |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| 1997-12-02                              |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT DATE_SUB(\'2005-01-01 00:00:00\', INTERVAL \'1 1:1:1\' DAY_SECOND);\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| DATE_SUB(\'2005-01-01 00:00:00\', INTERVAL \'1 1:1:1\' DAY_SECOND) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2004-12-30 22:58:59                                            |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/date_sub/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/date_sub/'),(522,'DAYNAME',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nDAYNAME(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the name of the weekday for date. The language used for the name is\ncontrolled by the value of the lc_time_names system variable. See server\nlocale for more on the supported locales.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT DAYNAME(\'2007-02-03\');\n+-----------------------+\n| DAYNAME(\'2007-02-03\') |\n+-----------------------+\n| Saturday              |\n+-----------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d, DAYNAME(d) FROM t1;\n+---------------------+------------+\n| d                   | DAYNAME(d) |\n+---------------------+------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 | Tuesday    |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 | Saturday   |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 | Thursday   |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 | Sunday     |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 | Sunday     |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 | Thursday   |\n+---------------------+------------+\n\nChanging the locale:\n\nSET lc_time_names = \'fr_CA\';\n\nSELECT DAYNAME(\'2013-04-01\');\n+-----------------------+\n| DAYNAME(\'2013-04-01\') |\n+-----------------------+\n| lundi                 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dayname/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dayname/'),(523,'DAYOFMONTH',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nDAYOFMONTH(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the day of the month for date, in the range 1 to 31, or 0 for dates\nsuch as \'0000-00-00\' or \'2008-00-00\' which have a zero day part.\n\nDAY() is a synonym.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT DAYOFMONTH(\'2007-02-03\');\n+--------------------------+\n| DAYOFMONTH(\'2007-02-03\') |\n+--------------------------+\n|                        3 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d FROM t1 where DAYOFMONTH(d) = 30;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n+---------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dayofmonth/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dayofmonth/'),(524,'DAYOFWEEK',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nDAYOFWEEK(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the day of the week index for the date (1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ..., 7\n= Saturday). These index values correspond to the ODBC standard.\n\nThis contrasts with WEEKDAY() which follows a different index numbering (0 =\nMonday, 1 = Tuesday, ... 6 = Sunday).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT DAYOFWEEK(\'2007-02-03\');\n+-------------------------+\n| DAYOFWEEK(\'2007-02-03\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                       7 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d, DAYNAME(d), DAYOFWEEK(d), WEEKDAY(d) from t1;\n+---------------------+------------+--------------+------------+\n| d                   | DAYNAME(d) | DAYOFWEEK(d) | WEEKDAY(d) |\n+---------------------+------------+--------------+------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 | Tuesday    |            3 |          1 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 | Saturday   |            7 |          5 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 | Thursday   |            5 |          3 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 | Sunday     |            1 |          6 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 | Sunday     |            1 |          6 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 | Thursday   |            5 |          3 |\n+---------------------+------------+--------------+------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dayofweek/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dayofweek/'),(526,'EXTRACT',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nEXTRACT(unit FROM date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe EXTRACT() function extracts the required unit from the date. See Date and\nTime Units for a complete list of permitted units.\n\nIn MariaDB 10.0.7 and MariaDB 5.5.35, EXTRACT (HOUR FROM ...) was changed to\nreturn a value from 0 to 23, adhering to the SQL standard. Until MariaDB\n10.0.6 and MariaDB 5.5.34, and in all versions of MySQL at least as of MySQL\n5.7, it could return a value > 23. HOUR() is not a standard function, so\ncontinues to adhere to the old behaviour inherited from MySQL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM \'2009-07-02\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| EXTRACT(YEAR FROM \'2009-07-02\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n|                            2009 |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nSELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM \'2009-07-02 01:02:03\');\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM \'2009-07-02 01:02:03\') |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n|                                         200907 |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM \'2009-07-02 01:02:03\');\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM \'2009-07-02 01:02:03\') |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n|                                          20102 |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECOND FROM \'2003-01-02 10:30:00.000123\');\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n| EXTRACT(MICROSECOND FROM \'2003-01-02 10:30:00.000123\') |\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                    123 |\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.0.7 and MariaDB 5.5.35, EXTRACT (HOUR FROM...) returns a value\nfrom 0 to 23, as per the SQL standard. HOUR is not a standard function, so\ncontinues to adhere to the old behaviour inherited from MySQL.\n\nSELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM \'26:30:00\'), HOUR(\'26:30:00\');\n+-------------------------------+------------------+\n| EXTRACT(HOUR FROM \'26:30:00\') | HOUR(\'26:30:00\') |\n+-------------------------------+------------------+\n|                             2 |               26 |\n+-------------------------------+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/extract/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/extract/'),(529,'GET_FORMAT',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nGET_FORMAT({DATE|DATETIME|TIME}, {\'EUR\'|\'USA\'|\'JIS\'|\'ISO\'|\'INTERNAL\'})\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a format string. This function is useful in combination with the\nDATE_FORMAT() and the STR_TO_DATE() functions.\n\nPossible result formats are:\n\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| Function Call                        | Result Format                        |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'EUR\')               | \'%d.%m.%Y\'                           |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'USA\')               | \'%m.%d.%Y\'                           |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'JIS\')               | \'%Y-%m-%d\'                           |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'ISO\')               | \'%Y-%m-%d\'                           |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'INTERNAL\')          | \'%Y%m%d\'                             |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,\'EUR\')           | \'%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s\'                  |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,\'USA\')           | \'%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s\'                  |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,\'JIS\')           | \'%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s\'                  |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,\'ISO\')           | \'%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s\'                  |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,\'INTERNAL\')      | \'%Y%m%d%H%i%s\'                       |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(TIME,\'EUR\')               | \'%H.%i.%s\'                           |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(TIME,\'USA\')               | \'%h:%i:%s %p\'                        |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(TIME,\'JIS\')               | \'%H:%i:%s\'                           |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(TIME,\'ISO\')               | \'%H:%i:%s\'                           |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(TIME,\'INTERNAL\')          | \'%H%i%s\'                             |\n+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nObtaining the string matching to the standard European date format:\n\nSELECT GET_FORMAT(DATE, \'EUR\');\n+-------------------------+\n| GET_FORMAT(DATE, \'EUR\') |\n+-------------------------+\n| %d.%m.%Y                |\n+-------------------------+\n\nUsing the same string to format a date:\n\nSELECT DATE_FORMAT(\'2003-10-03\',GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'EUR\'));\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n| DATE_FORMAT(\'2003-10-03\',GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'EUR\')) |\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n| 03.10.2003                                       |\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT STR_TO_DATE(\'10.31.2003\',GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'USA\'));\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n| STR_TO_DATE(\'10.31.2003\',GET_FORMAT(DATE,\'USA\')) |\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n| 2003-10-31                                       |\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/get_format/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/get_format/'),(530,'HOUR',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nHOUR(time)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the hour for time. The range of the return value is 0 to 23 for\ntime-of-day values. However, the range of TIME values actually is much larger,\nso HOUR can return values greater than 23.\n\nThe return value is always positive, even if a negative TIME value is provided.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT HOUR(\'10:05:03\');\n+------------------+\n| HOUR(\'10:05:03\') |\n+------------------+\n|               10 |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT HOUR(\'272:59:59\');\n+-------------------+\n| HOUR(\'272:59:59\') |\n+-------------------+\n|               272 |\n+-------------------+\n\nDifference between EXTRACT (HOUR FROM ...) (>= MariaDB 10.0.7 and MariaDB\n5.5.35) and HOUR:\n\nSELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM \'26:30:00\'), HOUR(\'26:30:00\');\n+-------------------------------+------------------+\n| EXTRACT(HOUR FROM \'26:30:00\') | HOUR(\'26:30:00\') |\n+-------------------------------+------------------+\n|                             2 |               26 |\n+-------------------------------+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/hour/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/hour/'),(531,'LAST_DAY',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nLAST_DAY(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTakes a date or datetime value and returns the corresponding value for the\nlast day of the month. Returns NULL if the argument is invalid.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LAST_DAY(\'2003-02-05\');\n+------------------------+\n| LAST_DAY(\'2003-02-05\') |\n+------------------------+\n| 2003-02-28             |\n+------------------------+\n\nSELECT LAST_DAY(\'2004-02-05\');\n+------------------------+\n| LAST_DAY(\'2004-02-05\') |\n+------------------------+\n| 2004-02-29             |\n+------------------------+\n\nSELECT LAST_DAY(\'2004-01-01 01:01:01\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| LAST_DAY(\'2004-01-01 01:01:01\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n| 2004-01-31                      |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nSELECT LAST_DAY(\'2003-03-32\');\n+------------------------+\n| LAST_DAY(\'2003-03-32\') |\n+------------------------+\n| NULL                   |\n+------------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nWarning (Code 1292): Incorrect datetime value: \'2003-03-32\'\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/last_day/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/last_day/'),(534,'MAKEDATE',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nMAKEDATE(year,dayofyear)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a date, given year and day-of-year values. dayofyear must be greater\nthan 0 or the result is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT MAKEDATE(2011,31), MAKEDATE(2011,32);\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n| MAKEDATE(2011,31) | MAKEDATE(2011,32) |\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n| 2011-01-31        | 2011-02-01        |\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKEDATE(2011,365), MAKEDATE(2014,365);\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n| MAKEDATE(2011,365) | MAKEDATE(2014,365) |\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n| 2011-12-31         | 2014-12-31         |\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKEDATE(2011,0);\n+------------------+\n| MAKEDATE(2011,0) |\n+------------------+\n| NULL             |\n+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/makedate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/makedate/'),(535,'MAKETIME',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nMAKETIME(hour,minute,second)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a time value calculated from the hour, minute, and second arguments.\n\nIf minute or second are out of the range 0 to 60, NULL is returned. The hour\ncan be in the range -838 to 838, outside of which the value is truncated with\na warning.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT MAKETIME(13,57,33);\n+--------------------+\n| MAKETIME(13,57,33) |\n+--------------------+\n| 13:57:33           |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKETIME(-13,57,33);\n+---------------------+\n| MAKETIME(-13,57,33) |\n+---------------------+\n| -13:57:33           |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKETIME(13,67,33);\n+--------------------+\n| MAKETIME(13,67,33) |\n+--------------------+\n| NULL               |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKETIME(-1000,57,33);\n+-----------------------+\n| MAKETIME(-1000,57,33) |\n+-----------------------+\n| -838:59:59            |\n+-----------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                       |\n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect time value: \'-1000:57:33\' |\n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/maketime/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/maketime/'),(536,'MICROSECOND',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nMICROSECOND(expr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the microseconds from the time or datetime expression expr as a number\nin the range from 0 to 999999.\n\nIf expr is a time with no microseconds, zero is returned, while if expr is a\ndate with no time, zero with a warning is returned.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT MICROSECOND(\'12:00:00.123456\');\n+--------------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND(\'12:00:00.123456\') |\n+--------------------------------+\n|                         123456 |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSELECT MICROSECOND(\'2009-12-31 23:59:59.000010\');\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND(\'2009-12-31 23:59:59.000010\') |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n|                                        10 |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT MICROSECOND(\'2013-08-07 12:13:14\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND(\'2013-08-07 12:13:14\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n|                                  0 |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT MICROSECOND(\'2013-08-07\');\n+---------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND(\'2013-08-07\') |\n+---------------------------+\n|                         0 |\n+---------------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                      |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect time value: \'2013-08-07\' |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/microsecond/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/microsecond/'),(540,'NOW',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nNOW([precision])\nCURRENT_TIMESTAMP\nCURRENT_TIMESTAMP([precision])\nLOCALTIME, LOCALTIME([precision])\nLOCALTIMESTAMP\nLOCALTIMESTAMP([precision])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the current date and time as a value in \'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\' or\nYYYYMMDDHHMMSS.uuuuuu format, depending on whether the function is used in a\nstring or numeric context. The value is expressed in the current time zone.\n\nThe optional precision determines the microsecond precision. See Microseconds\nin MariaDB.\n\nNOW() (or its synonyms) can be used as the default value for TIMESTAMP columns\nas well as, since MariaDB 10.0.1, DATETIME columns. Before MariaDB 10.0.1, it\nwas only possible for a single TIMESTAMP column per table to contain the\nCURRENT_TIMESTAMP as its default.\n\nWhen displayed in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS table, a default CURRENT\nTIMESTAMP is displayed as CURRENT_TIMESTAMP up until MariaDB 10.2.2, and as\ncurrent_timestamp() from MariaDB 10.2.3, due to to MariaDB 10.2 accepting\nexpressions in the DEFAULT clause.\n\nChanging the timestamp system variable with a SET timestamp statement affects\nthe value returned by NOW(), but not by SYSDATE().\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT NOW();\n+---------------------+\n| NOW()               |\n+---------------------+\n| 2010-03-27 13:13:25 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT NOW() + 0;\n+-----------------------+\n| NOW() + 0             |\n+-----------------------+\n| 20100327131329.000000 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nWith precision:\n\nSELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(2);\n+------------------------+\n| CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(2)   |\n+------------------------+\n| 2018-07-10 09:47:26.24 |\n+------------------------+\n\nUsed as a default TIMESTAMP:\n\nCREATE TABLE t (createdTS TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2:\n\nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=\'test\'\n AND COLUMN_NAME LIKE \'%ts%\'\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     TABLE_CATALOG: def\n      TABLE_SCHEMA: test\n       TABLE_NAME: t\n      COLUMN_NAME: ts\n    ORDINAL_POSITION: 1\n     COLUMN_DEFAULT: current_timestamp()\n...\n\n<= MariaDB 10.2.1\n\nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=\'test\'\n AND COLUMN_NAME LIKE \'%ts%\'\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     TABLE_CATALOG: def\n      TABLE_SCHEMA: test\n       TABLE_NAME: t\n      COLUMN_NAME: createdTS\n    ORDINAL_POSITION: 1\n     COLUMN_DEFAULT: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP\n...\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/now/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/now/'),(541,'PERIOD_ADD',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nPERIOD_ADD(P,N)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nAdds N months to period P. P is in the format YYMM or YYYYMM, and is not a\ndate value. If P contains a two-digit year, values from 00 to 69 are converted\nto from 2000 to 2069, while values from 70 are converted to 1970 upwards.\n\nReturns a value in the format YYYYMM.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT PERIOD_ADD(200801,2);\n+----------------------+\n| PERIOD_ADD(200801,2) |\n+----------------------+\n|               200803 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT PERIOD_ADD(6910,2);\n+--------------------+\n| PERIOD_ADD(6910,2) |\n+--------------------+\n|             206912 |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT PERIOD_ADD(7010,2);\n+--------------------+\n| PERIOD_ADD(7010,2) |\n+--------------------+\n|             197012 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/period_add/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/period_add/'),(542,'PERIOD_DIFF',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nPERIOD_DIFF(P1,P2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the number of months between periods P1 and P2. P1 and P2 can be in\nthe format YYMM or YYYYMM, and are not date values.\n\nIf P1 or P2 contains a two-digit year, values from 00 to 69 are converted to\nfrom 2000 to 2069, while values from 70 are converted to 1970 upwards.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT PERIOD_DIFF(200802,200703);\n+----------------------------+\n| PERIOD_DIFF(200802,200703) |\n+----------------------------+\n|                         11 |\n+----------------------------+\n\nSELECT PERIOD_DIFF(6902,6803);\n+------------------------+\n| PERIOD_DIFF(6902,6803) |\n+------------------------+\n|                     11 |\n+------------------------+\n\nSELECT PERIOD_DIFF(7002,6803);\n+------------------------+\n| PERIOD_DIFF(7002,6803) |\n+------------------------+\n|                  -1177 |\n+------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/period_diff/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/period_diff/'),(545,'SEC_TO_TIME',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nSEC_TO_TIME(seconds)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the seconds argument, converted to hours, minutes, and seconds, as a\nTIME value. The range of the result is constrained to that of the TIME data\ntype. A warning occurs if the argument corresponds to a value outside that\nrange.\n\nThe time will be returned in the format hh:mm:ss, or hhmmss if used in a\nnumeric calculation.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SEC_TO_TIME(12414);\n+--------------------+\n| SEC_TO_TIME(12414) |\n+--------------------+\n| 03:26:54           |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT SEC_TO_TIME(12414)+0;\n+----------------------+\n| SEC_TO_TIME(12414)+0 |\n+----------------------+\n|                32654 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT SEC_TO_TIME(9999999);\n+----------------------+\n| SEC_TO_TIME(9999999) |\n+----------------------+\n| 838:59:59            |\n+----------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                   |\n+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect time value: \'9999999\' |\n+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sec_to_time/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sec_to_time/'),(547,'SUBDATE',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nSUBDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), SUBDATE(expr,days)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nWhen invoked with the INTERVAL form of the second argument, SUBDATE() is a\nsynonym for DATE_SUB(). See Date and Time Units for a complete list of\npermitted units.\n\nThe second form allows the use of an integer value for days. In such cases, it\nis interpreted as the number of days to be subtracted from the date or\ndatetime expression expr.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT DATE_SUB(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY);\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| DATE_SUB(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY) |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| 2007-12-02                              |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBDATE(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY);\n+----------------------------------------+\n| SUBDATE(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY) |\n+----------------------------------------+\n| 2007-12-02                             |\n+----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBDATE(\'2008-01-02 12:00:00\', 31);\n+------------------------------------+\n| SUBDATE(\'2008-01-02 12:00:00\', 31) |\n+------------------------------------+\n| 2007-12-02 12:00:00                |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d, SUBDATE(d, 10) from t1;\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n| d                   | SUBDATE(d, 10)      |\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 | 2007-01-20 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 | 1983-10-05 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 | 2011-04-11 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 | 2011-10-20 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 | 2011-01-20 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 | 2004-09-27 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n\nSELECT d, SUBDATE(d, INTERVAL 10 MINUTE) from t1;\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n| d                   | SUBDATE(d, INTERVAL 10 MINUTE) |\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 | 2007-01-30 21:21:07            |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 | 1983-10-15 06:32:51            |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 | 2011-04-21 12:24:56            |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 | 2011-10-30 06:21:41            |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 | 2011-01-30 13:53:25            |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 | 2004-10-07 11:09:34            |\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subdate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subdate/'),(548,'SUBTIME',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nSUBTIME(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSUBTIME() returns expr1 - expr2 expressed as a value in the same format as\nexpr1. expr1 is a time or datetime expression, and expr2 is a time expression.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SUBTIME(\'2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999\',\'1 1:1:1.000002\');\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n| SUBTIME(\'2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999\',\'1 1:1:1.000002\') |\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2007-12-30 22:58:58.999997                             |\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBTIME(\'01:00:00.999999\', \'02:00:00.999998\');\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| SUBTIME(\'01:00:00.999999\', \'02:00:00.999998\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| -00:59:59.999999                              |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subtime/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subtime/'),(549,'SYSDATE',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nSYSDATE([precision])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the current date and time as a value in \'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\' or\nYYYYMMDDHHMMSS.uuuuuu format, depending on whether the function is used in a\nstring or numeric context.\n\nThe optional precision determines the microsecond precision. See Microseconds\nin MariaDB.\n\nSYSDATE() returns the time at which it executes. This differs from the\nbehavior for NOW(), which returns a constant time that indicates the time at\nwhich the statement began to execute. (Within a stored routine or trigger,\nNOW() returns the time at which the routine or triggering statement began to\nexecute.)\n\nIn addition, changing the timestamp system variable with a SET timestamp\nstatement affects the value returned by NOW() but not by SYSDATE(). This means\nthat timestamp settings in the binary log have no effect on invocations of\nSYSDATE().\n\nBecause SYSDATE() can return different values even within the same statement,\nand is not affected by SET TIMESTAMP, it is non-deterministic and therefore\nunsafe for replication if statement-based binary logging is used. If that is a\nproblem, you can use row-based logging, or start the server with the mysqld\noption --sysdate-is-now to cause SYSDATE() to be an alias for NOW(). The\nnon-deterministic nature of SYSDATE() also means that indexes cannot be used\nfor evaluating expressions that refer to it, and that statements using the\nSYSDATE() function are unsafe for statement-based replication.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDifference between NOW() and SYSDATE():\n\nSELECT NOW(), SLEEP(2), NOW();\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n| NOW()               | SLEEP(2) | NOW()               |\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n| 2010-03-27 13:23:40 |        0 | 2010-03-27 13:23:40 |\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n\nSELECT SYSDATE(), SLEEP(2), SYSDATE();\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n| SYSDATE()           | SLEEP(2) | SYSDATE()           |\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n| 2010-03-27 13:23:52 |        0 | 2010-03-27 13:23:54 |\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n\nWith precision:\n\nSELECT SYSDATE(4);\n+--------------------------+\n| SYSDATE(4)               |\n+--------------------------+\n| 2018-07-10 10:17:13.1689 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sysdate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sysdate/'),(551,'TIMEDIFF',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIMEDIFF(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTIMEDIFF() returns expr1 - expr2 expressed as a time value. expr1 and expr2\nare time or date-and-time expressions, but both must be of the same type.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIMEDIFF(\'2000:01:01 00:00:00\', \'2000:01:01 00:00:00.000001\');\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| TIMEDIFF(\'2000:01:01 00:00:00\', \'2000:01:01 00:00:00.000001\') |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| -00:00:00.000001                                              |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMEDIFF(\'2008-12-31 23:59:59.000001\', \'2008-12-30 01:01:01.000002\');\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| TIMEDIFF(\'2008-12-31 23:59:59.000001\', \'2008-12-30 01:01:01.000002\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 46:58:57.999999                                                      |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timediff/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timediff/'),(552,'TIMESTAMP FUNCTION',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIMESTAMP(expr), TIMESTAMP(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nWith a single argument, this function returns the date or datetime expression\nexpr as a datetime value. With two arguments, it adds the time expression\nexpr2 to the date or datetime expression expr1 and returns the result as a\ndatetime value.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMP(\'2003-12-31\');\n+-------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMP(\'2003-12-31\') |\n+-------------------------+\n| 2003-12-31 00:00:00     |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMP(\'2003-12-31 12:00:00\',\'6:30:00\');\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMP(\'2003-12-31 12:00:00\',\'6:30:00\') |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| 2003-12-31 18:30:00                        |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestamp-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestamp-function/'),(553,'TIMESTAMPADD',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIMESTAMPADD(unit,interval,datetime_expr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nAdds the integer expression interval to the date or datetime expression\ndatetime_expr. The unit for interval is given by the unit argument, which\nshould be one of the following values: MICROSECOND, SECOND, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY,\nWEEK, MONTH, QUARTER, or YEAR.\n\nThe unit value may be specified using one of keywords as shown, or with a\nprefix of SQL_TSI_. For example, DAY and SQL_TSI_DAY both are legal.\n\nBefore MariaDB 5.5, FRAC_SECOND was permitted as a synonym for MICROSECOND.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPADD(MINUTE,1,\'2003-01-02\');\n+-------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPADD(MINUTE,1,\'2003-01-02\') |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| 2003-01-02 00:01:00                 |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPADD(WEEK,1,\'2003-01-02\');\n+-----------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPADD(WEEK,1,\'2003-01-02\') |\n+-----------------------------------+\n| 2003-01-09                        |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestampadd/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestampadd/'),(554,'TIMESTAMPDIFF',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIMESTAMPDIFF(unit,datetime_expr1,datetime_expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns datetime_expr2 - datetime_expr1, where datetime_expr1 and\ndatetime_expr2 are date or datetime expressions. One expression may be a date\nand the other a datetime; a date value is treated as a datetime having the\ntime part \'00:00:00\' where necessary. The unit for the result (an integer) is\ngiven by the unit argument. The legal values for unit are the same as those\nlisted in the description of the TIMESTAMPADD() function, i.e MICROSECOND,\nSECOND, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY, WEEK, MONTH, QUARTER, or YEAR.\n\nTIMESTAMPDIFF can also be used to calculate age.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(MONTH,\'2003-02-01\',\'2003-05-01\');\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPDIFF(MONTH,\'2003-02-01\',\'2003-05-01\') |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n|                                              3 |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,\'2002-05-01\',\'2001-01-01\');\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,\'2002-05-01\',\'2001-01-01\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n|                                            -1 |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(MINUTE,\'2003-02-01\',\'2003-05-01 12:05:55\');\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPDIFF(MINUTE,\'2003-02-01\',\'2003-05-01 12:05:55\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                   128885 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n\nCalculating age:\n\nSELECT CURDATE();\n+------------+\n| CURDATE()  |\n+------------+\n| 2019-05-27 |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR, \'1971-06-06\', CURDATE()) AS age;\n+------+\n| age  |\n+------+\n|   47 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR, \'1971-05-06\', CURDATE()) AS age;\n+------+\n| age  |\n+------+\n|   48 |\n+------+\n\nAge as of 2014-08-02:\n\nSELECT name, date_of_birth, TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,date_of_birth,\'2014-08-02\') AS\nage \n FROM student_details;\n+---------+---------------+------+\n| name    | date_of_birth | age  |\n+---------+---------------+------+\n| Chun    | 1993-12-31    |   20 |\n| Esben   | 1946-01-01    |   68 |\n| Kaolin  | 1996-07-16    |   18 |\n| Tatiana | 1988-04-13    |   26 |\n+---------+---------------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestampdiff/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestampdiff/'),(556,'TIME_TO_SEC',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIME_TO_SEC(time)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the time argument, converted to seconds.\n\nThe value returned by TIME_TO_SEC is of type DOUBLE. Before MariaDB 5.3 (and\nMySQL 5.6), the type was INT. The returned value preserves microseconds of the\nargument. See also Microseconds in MariaDB.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIME_TO_SEC(\'22:23:00\');\n+-------------------------+\n| TIME_TO_SEC(\'22:23:00\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                   80580 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIME_TO_SEC(\'00:39:38\');\n+-------------------------+\n| TIME_TO_SEC(\'00:39:38\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                    2378 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIME_TO_SEC(\'09:12:55.2355\');\n+------------------------------+\n| TIME_TO_SEC(\'09:12:55.2355\') |\n+------------------------------+\n|                   33175.2355 |\n+------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.000 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/time_to_sec/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/time_to_sec/'),(557,'TO_DAYS',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTO_DAYS(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nGiven a date date, returns the number of days since the start of the current\ncalendar (0000-00-00).\n\nThe function is not designed for use with dates before the advent of the\nGregorian calendar in October 1582. Results will not be reliable since it\ndoesn\'t account for the lost days when the calendar changed from the Julian\ncalendar.\n\nThis is the converse of the FROM_DAYS() function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TO_DAYS(\'2007-10-07\');\n+-----------------------+\n| TO_DAYS(\'2007-10-07\') |\n+-----------------------+\n|                733321 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_DAYS(\'0000-01-01\');\n+-----------------------+\n| TO_DAYS(\'0000-01-01\') |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     1 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_DAYS(950501);\n+-----------------+\n| TO_DAYS(950501) |\n+-----------------+\n|          728779 |\n+-----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_days/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_days/'),(558,'TO_SECONDS',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTO_SECONDS(expr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the number of seconds from year 0 till expr, or NULL if expr is not a\nvalid date or datetime.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(\'2013-06-13\');\n+--------------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(\'2013-06-13\') |\n+--------------------------+\n|              63538300800 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(\'2013-06-13 21:45:13\');\n+-----------------------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(\'2013-06-13 21:45:13\') |\n+-----------------------------------+\n|                       63538379113 |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(NOW());\n+-------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(NOW()) |\n+-------------------+\n|       63543530875 |\n+-------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(20130513);\n+----------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(20130513) |\n+----------------------+\n|          63535622400 |\n+----------------------+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(130513);\n+--------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(130513) |\n+--------------------+\n|        63535622400 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_seconds/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_seconds/'),(559,'UNIX_TIMESTAMP',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nUNIX_TIMESTAMP()\nUNIX_TIMESTAMP(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nIf called with no argument, returns a Unix timestamp (seconds since\n\'1970-01-01 00:00:00\' UTC) as an unsigned integer. If UNIX_TIMESTAMP() is\ncalled with a date argument, it returns the value of the argument as seconds\nsince \'1970-01-01 00:00:00\' UTC. date may be a DATE string, a DATETIME string,\na TIMESTAMP, or a number in the format YYMMDD or YYYYMMDD. The server\ninterprets date as a value in the current time zone and converts it to an\ninternal value in UTC. Clients can set their time zone as described in time\nzones.\n\nThe inverse function of UNIX_TIMESTAMP() is FROM_UNIXTIME()\n\nUNIX_TIMESTAMP() supports microseconds.\n\nTimestamps in MariaDB have a maximum value of 2147483647, equivalent to\n2038-01-19 05:14:07. This is due to the underlying 32-bit limitation. Using\nthe function on a date beyond this will result in NULL being returned. Use\nDATETIME as a storage type if you require dates beyond this.\n\nError Handling\n--------------\n\nReturns NULL for wrong arguments to UNIX_TIMESTAMP(). In MySQL and MariaDB\nbefore 5.3 wrong arguments to UNIX_TIMESTAMP() returned 0.\n\nCompatibility\n-------------\n\nAs you can see in the examples above, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(constant-date-string)\nreturns a timestamp with 6 decimals while MariaDB 5.2 and before returns it\nwithout decimals. This can cause a problem if you are using UNIX_TIMESTAMP()\nas a partitioning function. You can fix this by using\nFLOOR(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(..)) or changing the date string to a date number, like\n20080101000000.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();\n+------------------+\n| UNIX_TIMESTAMP() |\n+------------------+\n|       1269711082 |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\');\n+---------------------------------------+\n| UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\') |\n+---------------------------------------+\n|                     1196436619.000000 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\"2007-11-30 10:30:19.123456\");\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| unix_timestamp(\"2007-11-30 10:30:19.123456\") |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n|                            1196411419.123456 |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\'));\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n| FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\')) |\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2007-11-30 10:30:19.000000                           |\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(FLOOR(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\')));\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n| FROM_UNIXTIME(FLOOR(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\'))) |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2007-11-30 10:30:19                                         |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/unix_timestamp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/unix_timestamp/'),(562,'UTC_TIMESTAMP',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nUTC_TIMESTAMP\nUTC_TIMESTAMP([precision])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the current UTC date and time as a value in \'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\' or\nYYYYMMDDHHMMSS.uuuuuu format, depending on whether the function is used in a\nstring or numeric context.\n\nThe optional precision determines the microsecond precision. See Microseconds\nin MariaDB.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP(), UTC_TIMESTAMP() + 0;\n+---------------------+-----------------------+\n| UTC_TIMESTAMP()     | UTC_TIMESTAMP() + 0   |\n+---------------------+-----------------------+\n| 2010-03-27 17:33:16 | 20100327173316.000000 |\n+---------------------+-----------------------+\n\nWith precision:\n\nSELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP(4);\n+--------------------------+\n| UTC_TIMESTAMP(4)         |\n+--------------------------+\n| 2018-07-10 07:51:09.1019 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/utc_timestamp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/utc_timestamp/'),(563,'WEEK',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nWEEK(date[,mode])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis function returns the week number for date. The two-argument form of\nWEEK() allows you to specify whether the week starts on Sunday or Monday and\nwhether the return value should be in the range from 0 to 53 or from 1 to 53.\nIf the mode argument is omitted, the value of the default_week_format system\nvariable is used.\n\nModes\n-----\n\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| Mode  | 1st day of week     | Range  | Week 1 is the 1st week with        |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 0     | Sunday              | 0-53   | a Sunday in this year              |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 1     | Monday              | 0-53   | more than 3 days this year         |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 2     | Sunday              | 1-53   | a Sunday in this year              |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 3     | Monday              | 1-53   | more than 3 days this year         |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 4     | Sunday              | 0-53   | more than 3 days this year         |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 5     | Monday              | 0-53   | a Monday in this year              |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 6     | Sunday              | 1-53   | more than 3 days this year         |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 7     | Monday              | 1-53   | a Monday in this year              |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n\nWith the mode value of 3, which means \'more than 3 days this year\', weeks are\nnumbered according to ISO 8601:1988.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-02-20\');\n+--------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-02-20\') |\n+--------------------+\n|                  7 |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-02-20\',0);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-02-20\',0) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    7 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-02-20\',1);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-02-20\',1) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    8 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-12-31\',0);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-12-31\',0) |\n+----------------------+\n|                   52 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-12-31\',1);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-12-31\',1) |\n+----------------------+\n|                   53 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2019-12-30\',3);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2019-12-30\',3) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    1 |\n+----------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d, WEEK(d,0), WEEK(d,1) from t1;\n+---------------------+-----------+-----------+\n| d                   | WEEK(d,0) | WEEK(d,1) |\n+---------------------+-----------+-----------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |         4 |         5 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |        41 |        41 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |        16 |        16 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |        44 |        43 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |         5 |         4 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |        40 |        41 |\n+---------------------+-----------+-----------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/week/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/week/'),(564,'WEEKDAY',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nWEEKDAY(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the weekday index for date (0 = Monday, 1 = Tuesday, ... 6 = Sunday).\n\nThis contrasts with DAYOFWEEK() which follows the ODBC standard (1 = Sunday, 2\n= Monday, ..., 7 = Saturday).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT WEEKDAY(\'2008-02-03 22:23:00\');\n+--------------------------------+\n| WEEKDAY(\'2008-02-03 22:23:00\') |\n+--------------------------------+\n|                              6 |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEKDAY(\'2007-11-06\');\n+-----------------------+\n| WEEKDAY(\'2007-11-06\') |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     1 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d FROM t1 where WEEKDAY(d) = 6;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n+---------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weekday/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weekday/'),(565,'WEEKOFYEAR',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nWEEKOFYEAR(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the calendar week of the date as a number in the range from 1 to 53.\nWEEKOFYEAR() is a compatibility function that is equivalent to WEEK(date,3).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT WEEKOFYEAR(\'2008-02-20\');\n+--------------------------+\n| WEEKOFYEAR(\'2008-02-20\') |\n+--------------------------+\n|                        8 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nselect * from t1;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT d, WEEKOFYEAR(d), WEEK(d,3) from t1;\n+---------------------+---------------+-----------+\n| d                   | WEEKOFYEAR(d) | WEEK(d,3) |\n+---------------------+---------------+-----------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |             5 |         5 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |            41 |        41 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |            16 |        16 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |            43 |        43 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |             4 |         4 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |            41 |        41 |\n+---------------------+---------------+-----------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weekofyear/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weekofyear/'),(566,'YEAR',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nYEAR(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the year for the given date, in the range 1000 to 9999, or 0 for the\n\"zero\" date.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE YEAR(d) = 2011;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT YEAR(\'1987-01-01\');\n+--------------------+\n| YEAR(\'1987-01-01\') |\n+--------------------+\n|               1987 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/year/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/year/'),(567,'YEARWEEK',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nYEARWEEK(date), YEARWEEK(date,mode)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns year and week for a date. The mode argument works exactly like the\nmode argument to WEEK(). The year in the result may be different from the year\nin the date argument for the first and the last week of the year.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT YEARWEEK(\'1987-01-01\');\n+------------------------+\n| YEARWEEK(\'1987-01-01\') |\n+------------------------+\n|                 198652 |\n+------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+\n6 rows in set (0.02 sec)\n\nSELECT YEARWEEK(d) FROM t1 WHERE YEAR(d) = 2011;\n+-------------+\n| YEARWEEK(d) |\n+-------------+\n|      201116 |\n|      201144 |\n|      201105 |\n+-------------+\n3 rows in set (0.03 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/yearweek/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/yearweek/'),(568,'Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format',32,'WKB stands for Well-Known Binary, a format for representing geographical and\ngeometrical data.\n\nWKB uses 1-byte unsigned integers, 4-byte unsigned integers, and 8-byte\ndouble-precision numbers.\n\n* The first byte indicates the byte order. 00 for big endian, or 01 for little\nendian.\n* The next 4 bytes indicate the geometry type. Values from 1 to 7 indicate\nwhether the type is Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString,\nMultiPolygon, or GeometryCollection respectively. \n* The 8-byte floats represent the co-ordinates.\n\nTake the following example, a sequence of 21 bytes each represented by two hex\ndigits:\n\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\n* It\'s big endian\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\n* It\'s a POINT\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\n* The X co-ordinate is 2.0\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\n* The Y-co-ordinate is 4.0\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/well-known-binary-wkb-format/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/well-known-binary-wkb-format/'),(588,'ST_GeomCollFromWKB',32,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_GeomCollFromWKB(wkb[,srid])\nST_GeometryCollectionFromWKB(wkb[,srid])\nGeomCollFromWKB(wkb[,srid])\nGeometryCollectionFromWKB(wkb[,srid])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nConstructs a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION value using its WKB representation and SRID.\n\nST_GeomCollFromWKB(), ST_GeometryCollectionFromWKB(), GeomCollFromWKB() and\nGeometryCollectionFromWKB() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g = ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText(\'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(\n POLYGON((5 5,10 5,10 10,5 5)),POINT(10 10))\'));\n\nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomCollFromWKB(@g));\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ST_AsText(ST_GeomCollFromWKB(@g))                              |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((5 5,10 5,10 10,5 5)),POINT(10 10)) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_geomcollfromwkb/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_geomcollfromwkb/'),(597,'Geometry Types',34,'Description\n-----------\n\nMariaDB provides a standard way of creating spatial columns for geometry\ntypes, for example, with CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE. Currently, spatial\ncolumns are supported for MyISAM, InnoDB and ARCHIVE tables. See also SPATIAL\nINDEX.\n\nThe basic geometry type is GEOMETRY. But the type can be more specific. The\nfollowing types are supported:\n\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Geometry Types                                                              |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| POINT                                                                       |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| LINESTRING                                                                  |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| POLYGON                                                                     |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| MULTIPOINT                                                                  |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| MULTILINESTRING                                                             |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| MULTIPOLYGON                                                                |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GEOMETRYCOLLECTION                                                          |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GEOMETRY                                                                    |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nNote: For clarity, only one type is listed per table in the examples below,\nbut a table row can contain multiple types. For example:\n\nCREATE TABLE object (shapeA POLYGON, shapeB LINESTRING);\n\nPOINT\n-----\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_point  (g POINT);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_point;\nINSERT INTO gis_point VALUES\n  (PointFromText(\'POINT(10 10)\')),\n  (PointFromText(\'POINT(20 10)\')),\n  (PointFromText(\'POINT(20 20)\')),\n  (PointFromWKB(AsWKB(PointFromText(\'POINT(10 20)\'))));\n\nLINESTRING\n----------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_line  (g LINESTRING);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_line;\nINSERT INTO gis_line VALUES\n  (LineFromText(\'LINESTRING(0 0,0 10,10 0)\')),\n  (LineStringFromText(\'LINESTRING(10 10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10 10)\')),\n  (LineStringFromWKB(AsWKB(LineString(Point(10, 10), Point(40, 10)))));\n\nPOLYGON\n-------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_polygon   (g POLYGON);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_polygon;\nINSERT INTO gis_polygon VALUES\n  (PolygonFromText(\'POLYGON((10 10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10 10))\')),\n  (PolyFromText(\'POLYGON((0 0,50 0,50 50,0 50,0 0), (10 10,20 10,20 20,10\n20,10 10))\')),\n  (PolyFromWKB(AsWKB(Polygon(LineString(Point(0, 0), Point(30, 0), Point(30,\n30), Point(0, 0))))));\n\nMULTIPOINT\n----------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_point (g MULTIPOINT);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_point;\nINSERT INTO gis_multi_point VALUES\n  (MultiPointFromText(\'MULTIPOINT(0 0,10 10,10 20,20 20)\')),\n  (MPointFromText(\'MULTIPOINT(1 1,11 11,11 21,21 21)\')),\n  (MPointFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiPoint(Point(3, 6), Point(4, 10)))));\n\nMULTILINESTRING\n---------------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_line (g MULTILINESTRING);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_line;\nINSERT INTO gis_multi_line VALUES\n  (MultiLineStringFromText(\'MULTILINESTRING((10 48,10 21,10 0),(16 0,16\n23,16 48))\')),\n  (MLineFromText(\'MULTILINESTRING((10 48,10 21,10 0))\')),\n  (MLineFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiLineString(LineString(Point(1, 2), Point(3, 5)),\nLineString(Point(2, 5), Point(5, 8), Point(21, 7))))));\n\nMULTIPOLYGON\n------------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_polygon  (g MULTIPOLYGON);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_polygon;\nINSERT INTO gis_multi_polygon VALUES\n  (MultiPolygonFromText(\'MULTIPOLYGON(((28 26,28 0,84 0,84 42,28 26),(52\n18,66 23,73 9,48 6,52 18)),((59 18,67 18,67 13,59 13,59 18)))\')),\n  (MPolyFromText(\'MULTIPOLYGON(((28 26,28 0,84 0,84 42,28 26),(52 18,66\n23,73 9,48 6,52 18)),((59 18,67 18,67 13,59 13,59 18)))\')),\n  (MPolyFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiPolygon(Polygon(LineString(Point(0, 3), Point(3,\n3), Point(3, 0), Point(0, 3)))))));\n\nGEOMETRYCOLLECTION\n------------------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_geometrycollection  (g GEOMETRYCOLLECTION);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_geometrycollection;\nINSERT INTO gis_geometrycollection VALUES\n  (GeomCollFromText(\'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0), LINESTRING(0 0,10\n10))\')),\n  (GeometryFromWKB(AsWKB(GeometryCollection(Point(44, 6),\nLineString(Point(3, 6), Point(7, 9)))))),\n  (GeomFromText(\'GeometryCollection()\')),\n  (GeomFromText(\'GeometryCollection EMPTY\'));\n\nGEOMETRY\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_geometry (g GEOMETRY);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_geometry;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_point;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_line;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_polygon;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_multi_point;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_multi_line;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_multi_polygon;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_geometrycollection;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/geometry-types/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/geometry-types/'),(598,'Geometry Hierarchy',34,'Description\n-----------\n\nGeometry is the base class. It is an abstract class. The instantiable\nsubclasses of Geometry are restricted to zero-, one-, and two-dimensional\ngeometric objects that exist in two-dimensional coordinate space. All\ninstantiable geometry classes are defined so that valid instances of a\ngeometry class are topologically closed (that is, all defined geometries\ninclude their boundary).\n\nThe base Geometry class has subclasses for Point, Curve, Surface, and\nGeometryCollection:\n\n* Point represents zero-dimensional objects.\n* Curve represents one-dimensional objects, and has subclass LineString, with\nsub-subclasses Line and LinearRing.\n* Surface is designed for two-dimensional objects and has subclass Polygon.\n* GeometryCollection has specialized zero-, one-, and two-dimensional\ncollection classes named MultiPoint, MultiLineString, and MultiPolygon for\nmodeling geometries corresponding to collections of Points, LineStrings, and\nPolygons, respectively. MultiCurve and MultiSurface are introduced as abstract\nsuperclasses that generalize the collection interfaces to handle Curves and\nSurfaces.\n\nGeometry, Curve, Surface, MultiCurve, and MultiSurface are defined as\nnon-instantiable classes. They define a common set of methods for their\nsubclasses and are included for extensibility.\n\nPoint, LineString, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiLineString,\nand MultiPolygon are instantiable classes.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/geometry-hierarchy/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/geometry-hierarchy/'),(599,'SPATIAL INDEX',34,'Description\n-----------\n\nOn MyISAM, Aria and InnoDB tables, MariaDB can create spatial indexes (an\nR-tree index) using syntax similar to that for creating regular indexes, but\nextended with the SPATIAL keyword. Currently, columns in spatial indexes must\nbe declared NOT NULL.\n\nSpatial indexes can be created when the table is created, or added after the\nfact like so:\n\n* with CREATE TABLE: CREATE TABLE geom (g GEOMETRY NOT NULL, SPATIAL INDEX(g));\n\n* with ALTER TABLE: ALTER TABLE geom ADD SPATIAL INDEX(g);\n\n* with CREATE INDEX: CREATE SPATIAL INDEX sp_index ON geom (g);\n\nSPATIAL INDEX creates an R-tree index. For storage engines that support\nnon-spatial indexing of spatial columns, the engine creates a B-tree index. A\nB-tree index on spatial values is useful for exact-value lookups, but not for\nrange scans.\n\nFor more information on indexing spatial columns, see CREATE INDEX.\n\nTo drop spatial indexes, use ALTER TABLE or DROP INDEX:\n\n* with ALTER TABLE: ALTER TABLE geom DROP INDEX g;\n\n* with DROP INDEX: DROP INDEX sp_index ON geom;\n\nData-at-Rest Encyption\n----------------------\n\nBefore MariaDB 10.4.3, InnoDB\'s spatial indexes could not be encrypted. If an\nInnoDB table was encrypted and if it contained spatial indexes, then those\nindexes would be unencrypted.\n\nIn MariaDB 10.4.3 and later, if innodb_checksum_algorithm is set to full_crc32\nor strict_full_crc32, and if the table does not use ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED,\nthen InnoDB spatial indexes will be encrypted if the table is encrypted.\n\nSee MDEV-12026 for more information.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spatial-index/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spatial-index/'),(611,'ST_BOUNDARY',35,'MariaDB starting with 10.1.2\n----------------------------\nThe ST_BOUNDARY function was introduced in MariaDB 10.1.2\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nST_BOUNDARY(g)\nBOUNDARY(g)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a geometry that is the closure of the combinatorial boundary of the\ngeometry value g.\n\nBOUNDARY() is a synonym.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(\'LINESTRING(3 3,0 0, -3 3)\')));\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(\'LINESTRING(3 3,0 0, -3 3)\'))) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| MULTIPOINT(3 3,-3 3)                                                 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(\'POLYGON((3 3,0 0, -3 3, 3\n3))\')));\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(\'POLYGON((3 3,0 0, -3 3, 3 3))\'))) |\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| LINESTRING(3 3,0 0,-3 3,3 3)                                             |\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_boundary/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_boundary/'),(612,'ST_DIMENSION',35,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_Dimension(g)\nDimension(g)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the inherent dimension of the geometry value g. The result can be\n\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| Dimension                          | Definition                            |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| -1                                 | empty geometry                        |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| 0                                  | geometry with no length or area       |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| 1                                  | geometry with no area but nonzero     |\n|                                    | length                                |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| 2                                  | geometry with nonzero area            |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n\nST_Dimension() and Dimension() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT Dimension(GeomFromText(\'LineString(1 1,2 2)\'));\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| Dimension(GeomFromText(\'LineString(1 1,2 2)\')) |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n|                                              1 |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_dimension/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_dimension/'),(613,'ST_ENVELOPE',35,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_ENVELOPE(g)\nENVELOPE(g)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR) for the geometry value g. The\nresult is returned as a Polygon value.\n\nThe polygon is defined by the corner points of the bounding box:\n\nPOLYGON((MINX MINY, MAXX MINY, MAXX MAXY, MINX MAXY, MINX MINY))\n\nST_ENVELOPE() and ENVELOPE() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT AsText(ST_ENVELOPE(GeomFromText(\'LineString(1 1,4 4)\')));\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| AsText(ST_ENVELOPE(GeomFromText(\'LineString(1 1,4 4)\'))) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| POLYGON((1 1,4 1,4 4,1 4,1 1))                           |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_envelope/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_envelope/'),(616,'ST_ISCLOSED',35,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_IsClosed(g)\nIsClosed(g)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 if a given LINESTRING\'s start and end points are the same, or 0 if\nthey are not the same. Before MariaDB 10.1.5, returns NULL if not given a\nLINESTRING. After MariaDB 10.1.5, returns -1.\n\nST_IsClosed() and IsClosed() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @ls = \'LineString(0 0, 0 4, 4 4, 0 0)\';\nSELECT ST_ISCLOSED(GEOMFROMTEXT(@ls));\n+--------------------------------+\n| ST_ISCLOSED(GEOMFROMTEXT(@ls)) |\n+--------------------------------+\n|                              1 |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSET @ls = \'LineString(0 0, 0 4, 4 4, 0 1)\';\nSELECT ST_ISCLOSED(GEOMFROMTEXT(@ls));\n+--------------------------------+\n| ST_ISCLOSED(GEOMFROMTEXT(@ls)) |\n+--------------------------------+\n|                              0 |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_isclosed/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_isclosed/'),(623,'LOAD_FILE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLOAD_FILE(file_name)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReads the file and returns the file contents as a string. To use this\nfunction, the file must be located on the server host, you must specify the\nfull path name to the file, and you must have the FILE privilege. The file\nmust be readable by all and it must be less than the size, in bytes, of the\nmax_allowed_packet system variable. If the secure_file_priv system variable is\nset to a non-empty directory name, the file to be loaded must be located in\nthat directory.\n\nIf the file does not exist or cannot be read because one of the preceding\nconditions is not satisfied, the function returns NULL.\n\nSince MariaDB 5.1, the character_set_filesystem system variable has controlled\ninterpretation of file names that are given as literal strings.\n\nStatements using the LOAD_FILE() function are not safe for statement based\nreplication. This is because the slave will execute the LOAD_FILE() command\nitself. If the file doesn\'t exist on the slave, the function will return NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nUPDATE t SET blob_col=LOAD_FILE(\'/tmp/picture\') WHERE id=1;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/load_file/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/load_file/'),(626,'REGEXP_INSTR',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nREGEXP_INSTR(subject, pattern)\n\nReturns the position of the first occurrence of the regular expression pattern\nin the string subject, or 0 if pattern was not found.\n\nThe positions start with 1 and are measured in characters (i.e. not in bytes),\nwhich is important for multi-byte character sets. You can cast a multi-byte\ncharacter set to BINARY to get offsets in bytes.\n\nThe function follows the case sensitivity rules of the effective collation.\nMatching is performed case insensitively for case insensitive collations, and\ncase sensitively for case sensitive collations and for binary data.\n\nThe collation case sensitivity can be overwritten using the (?i) and (?-i)\nPCRE flags.\n\nMariaDB uses the PCRE regular expression library for enhanced regular\nexpression performance, and REGEXP_INSTR was introduced as part of this\nenhancement.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'abc\',\'b\');\n-> 2\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'abc\',\'x\');\n-> 0\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'BJÖRN\',\'N\');\n-> 5\n\nCasting a multi-byte character set as BINARY to get offsets in bytes:\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(BINARY \'BJÖRN\',\'N\') AS cast_utf8_to_binary;\n-> 6\n\nCase sensitivity:\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'ABC\',\'b\');\n-> 2\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'b\');\n-> 0\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(BINARY\'ABC\',\'b\');\n-> 0\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'ABC\',\'(?-i)b\');\n-> 0\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'(?i)b\');\n-> 2\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_instr/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_instr/'),(627,'REGEXP_REPLACE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nREGEXP_REPLACE(subject, pattern, replace)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nREGEXP_REPLACE returns the string subject with all occurrences of the regular\nexpression pattern replaced by the string replace. If no occurrences are\nfound, then subject is returned as is.\n\nThe replace string can have backreferences to the subexpressions in the form\n\\N, where N is a number from 1 to 9.\n\nThe function follows the case sensitivity rules of the effective collation.\nMatching is performed case insensitively for case insensitive collations, and\ncase sensitively for case sensitive collations and for binary data.\n\nThe collation case sensitivity can be overwritten using the (?i) and (?-i)\nPCRE flags.\n\nMariaDB uses the PCRE regular expression library for enhanced regular\nexpression performance, and REGEXP_REPLACE was introduced as part of this\nenhancement.\n\nThe default_regex_flags variable addresses the remaining compatibilities\nbetween PCRE and the old regex library.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'ab12cd\',\'[0-9]\',\'\') AS remove_digits;\n-> abcd\n\nSELECT\nREGEXP_REPLACE(\'<html><head><title>title</title><body>body</body></htm>\',\n\'<.+?>\',\' \')\nAS strip_html;\n-> title  body\n\nBackreferences to the subexpressions in the form \\N, where N is a number from\n1 to 9:\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'James Bond\',\'^(.*) (.*)$\',\'\\\\2, \\\\1\') AS reorder_name;\n-> Bond, James\n\nCase insensitive and case sensitive matches:\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'ABC\',\'b\',\'-\') AS case_insensitive;\n-> A-C\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'b\',\'-\') AS case_sensitive;\n-> ABC\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(BINARY \'ABC\',\'b\',\'-\') AS binary_data;\n-> ABC\n\nOverwriting the collation case sensitivity using the (?i) and (?-i) PCRE flags.\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'ABC\',\'(?-i)b\',\'-\') AS force_case_sensitive;\n-> ABC\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(BINARY \'ABC\',\'(?i)b\',\'-\') AS force_case_insensitive;\n-> A-C\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_replace/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_replace/'),(625,'REGEXP',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nexpr REGEXP pat, expr RLIKE pat\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPerforms a pattern match of a string expression expr against a pattern pat.\nThe pattern can be an extended regular expression. See Regular Expressions\nOverview for details on the syntax for regular expressions (see also PCRE\nRegular Expressions).\n\nReturns 1 if expr matches pat or 0 if it doesn\'t match. If either expr or pat\nare NULL, the result is NULL.\n\nThe negative form NOT REGEXP also exists, as an alias for NOT (string REGEXP\npattern). RLIKE and NOT RLIKE are synonyms for REGEXP and NOT REGEXP,\noriginally provided for mSQL compatibility.\n\nThe pattern need not be a literal string. For example, it can be specified as\na string expression or table column.\n\nNote: Because MariaDB uses the C escape syntax in strings (for example, \"\\n\"\nto represent the newline character), you must double any \"\\\" that you use in\nyour REGEXP strings.\n\nREGEXP is not case sensitive, except when used with binary strings.\n\nMariaDB 10.0.5 moved to the PCRE regex library - see PCRE Regular Expressions\nfor enhancements to REGEXP introduced in MariaDB 10.0.5.\n\nThe default_regex_flags variable addresses the remaining compatibilities\nbetween PCRE and the old regex library.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT \'Monty!\' REGEXP \'m%y%%\';\n+-------------------------+\n| \'Monty!\' REGEXP \'m%y%%\' |\n+-------------------------+\n|                       0 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT \'Monty!\' REGEXP \'.*\';\n+----------------------+\n| \'Monty!\' REGEXP \'.*\' |\n+----------------------+\n|                    1 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT \'new*\\n*line\' REGEXP \'new\\\\*.\\\\*line\';\n+---------------------------------------+\n| \'new*\\n*line\' REGEXP \'new\\\\*.\\\\*line\' |\n+---------------------------------------+\n|                                     1 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT \'a\' REGEXP \'A\', \'a\' REGEXP BINARY \'A\';\n+----------------+-----------------------+\n| \'a\' REGEXP \'A\' | \'a\' REGEXP BINARY \'A\' |\n+----------------+-----------------------+\n|              1 |                     0 |\n+----------------+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT \'a\' REGEXP \'^[a-d]\';\n+---------------------+\n| \'a\' REGEXP \'^[a-d]\' |\n+---------------------+\n|                   1 |\n+---------------------+\n\ndefault_regex_flags examples\n----------------------------\n\nMariaDB 10.0.11 introduced the default_regex_flags variable to address the\nremaining compatibilities between PCRE and the old regex library.\n\nThe default behaviour (multiline match is off)\n\nSELECT \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'^b$\';\n+---------------------------+\n| \'(?m)a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'^b$\' |\n+---------------------------+\n|                         0 |\n+---------------------------+\n\nEnabling the multiline option using the PCRE option syntax:\n\nSELECT \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'(?m)^b$\';\n+---------------------------+\n| \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'(?m)^b$\' |\n+---------------------------+\n|                         1 |\n+---------------------------+\n\nEnabling the multiline option using default_regex_flags\n\nSET default_regex_flags=\'MULTILINE\';\nSELECT \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'^b$\';\n+-----------------------+\n| \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'^b$\' |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     1 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp/'),(628,'REGEXP_SUBSTR',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nREGEXP_SUBSTR(subject,pattern)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the part of the string subject that matches the regular expression\npattern, or an empty string if pattern was not found.\n\nThe function follows the case sensitivity rules of the effective collation.\nMatching is performed case insensitively for case insensitive collations, and\ncase sensitively for case sensitive collations and for binary data.\n\nThe collation case sensitivity can be overwritten using the (?i) and (?-i)\nPCRE flags.\n\nMariaDB uses the PCRE regular expression library for enhanced regular\nexpression performance, and REGEXP_SUBSTR was introduced as part of this\nenhancement.\n\nThe default_regex_flags variable addresses the remaining compatibilities\nbetween PCRE and the old regex library.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ab12cd\',\'[0-9]+\');\n-> 12\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\n \'See https://mariadb.org/en/foundation/ for details\',\n \'https?://[^/]*\');\n-> https://mariadb.org\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ABC\',\'b\');\n-> B\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'b\');\n->\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(BINARY\'ABC\',\'b\');\n->\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ABC\',\'(?i)b\');\n-> B\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'(?+i)b\');\n-> B\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_substr/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_substr/'),(631,'BINARY Operator',36,'This page describes the BINARY operator. For details about the data type, see\nBinary Data Type.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nBINARY\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe BINARY operator casts the string following it to a binary string. This is\nan easy way to force a column comparison to be done byte by byte rather than\ncharacter by character. This causes the comparison to be case sensitive even\nif the column isn\'t defined as BINARY or BLOB.\n\nBINARY also causes trailing spaces to be significant.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT \'a\' = \'A\';\n+-----------+\n| \'a\' = \'A\' |\n+-----------+\n|         1 |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT BINARY \'a\' = \'A\';\n+------------------+\n| BINARY \'a\' = \'A\' |\n+------------------+\n|                0 |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT \'a\' = \'a \';\n+------------+\n| \'a\' = \'a \' |\n+------------+\n|          1 |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT BINARY \'a\' = \'a \';\n+-------------------+\n| BINARY \'a\' = \'a \' |\n+-------------------+\n|                 0 |\n+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/binary-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/binary-operator/'),(633,'CAST',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCAST(expr AS type)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe CAST() function takes a value of one type and produces a value of another\ntype, similar to the CONVERT() function.\n\nThe type can be one of the following values:\n\n* BINARY\n* CHAR\n* DATE\n* DATETIME\n* DECIMAL[(M[,D])]\n* DOUBLE\n* FLOAT (from MariaDB 10.4.5)\n* INTEGER\nShort for SIGNED INTEGER\n\n* SIGNED [INTEGER]\n* UNSIGNED [INTEGER]\n* TIME\n* VARCHAR (in Oracle mode, from MariaDB 10.3)\n\nThe main difference between CAST and CONVERT() is that CONVERT(expr,type) is\nODBC syntax while CAST(expr as type) and CONVERT(... USING ...) are SQL92\nsyntax.\n\nIn MariaDB 10.4 and later, you can use the CAST() function with the INTERVAL\nkeyword.\n\nUntil MariaDB 5.5.31, X\'HHHH\', the standard SQL syntax for binary string\nliterals, erroneously worked in the same way as 0xHHHH. In 5.5.31 it was\nintentionally changed to behave as a string in all contexts (and never as a\nnumber).\n\nThis introduced an incompatibility with previous versions of MariaDB, and all\nversions of MySQL (see the example below).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSimple casts:\n\nSELECT CAST(\"abc\" AS BINARY);\nSELECT CAST(\"1\" AS UNSIGNED INTEGER);\nSELECT CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8)\n\nNote that when one casts to CHAR without specifying the character set, the\ncollation_connection character set collation will be used. When used with CHAR\nCHARACTER SET, the default collation for that character set will be used.\n\nSELECT COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR));\n+------------------------------+\n| COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR)) |\n+------------------------------+\n| latin1_swedish_ci            |\n+------------------------------+\n\nSELECT COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8));\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n| COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8)) |\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n| utf8_general_ci                                 |\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n\nIf you also want to change the collation, you have to use the COLLATE operator:\n\nSELECT COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8) \n COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci);\n+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci) |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| utf8_unicode_ci                                                         |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nUsing CAST() to order an ENUM field as a CHAR rather than the internal\nnumerical value:\n\nCREATE TABLE enum_list (enum_field enum(\'c\',\'a\',\'b\'));\n\nINSERT INTO enum_list (enum_field) \nVALUES(\'c\'),(\'a\'),(\'c\'),(\'b\');\n\nSELECT * FROM enum_list \nORDER BY enum_field;\n+------------+\n| enum_field |\n+------------+\n| c          |\n| c          |\n| a          |\n| b          |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT * FROM enum_list \nORDER BY CAST(enum_field AS CHAR);\n+------------+\n| enum_field |\n+------------+\n| a          |\n| b          |\n| c          |\n| c          |\n+------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 5.5.31, the following will trigger warnings, since x\'aa\' and\n\'X\'aa\' no longer behave as a number. Previously, and in all versions of MySQL,\nno warnings are triggered since they did erroneously behave as a number:\n\nSELECT CAST(0xAA AS UNSIGNED), CAST(x\'aa\' AS UNSIGNED), CAST(X\'aa\' AS\nUNSIGNED);\n+------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+\n| CAST(0xAA AS UNSIGNED) | CAST(x\'aa\' AS UNSIGNED) | CAST(X\'aa\' AS UNSIGNED) |\n+------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+\n|                    170 |                       0 |                       0 |\n+------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+\n1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)\n\nWarning (Code 1292): Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: \'\\xAA\'\nWarning (Code 1292): Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: \'\\xAA\'\n\nCasting to intervals:\n\nSELECT CAST(2019-01-04 INTERVAL AS DAY_SECOND(2)) AS \"Cast\";\n\n+-------------+\n| Cast        |\n+-------------+\n| 00:20:17.00 |\n+-------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/cast/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/cast/'),(634,'CHAR Function',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCHAR(N,... [USING charset_name])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCHAR() interprets each argument as an INT and returns a string consisting of\nthe characters given by the code values of those integers. NULL values are\nskipped. By default, CHAR() returns a binary string. To produce a string in a\ngiven character set, use the optional USING clause:\n\nSELECT CHARSET(CHAR(0x65)), CHARSET(CHAR(0x65 USING utf8));\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n| CHARSET(CHAR(0x65)) | CHARSET(CHAR(0x65 USING utf8)) |\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n| binary              | utf8                           |\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n\nIf USING is given and the result string is illegal for the given character\nset, a warning is issued. Also, if strict SQL mode is enabled, the result from\nCHAR() becomes NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CHAR(77,97,114,\'105\',97,\'68\',66);\n+----------------------------------+\n| CHAR(77,97,114,\'105\',97,\'68\',66) |\n+----------------------------------+\n| MariaDB                          |\n+----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT CHAR(77,77.3,\'77.3\');\n+----------------------+\n| CHAR(77,77.3,\'77.3\') |\n+----------------------+\n| MMM                  |\n+----------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nWarning (Code 1292): Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: \'77.3\'\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/char-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/char-function/'),(635,'CHAR_LENGTH',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCHAR_LENGTH(str)\nCHARACTER_LENGTH(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the length of the given string argument, measured in characters. A\nmulti-byte character counts as a single character. This means that for a\nstring containing five two-byte characters, LENGTH() (or OCTET_LENGTH() in\nOracle mode) returns 10, whereas CHAR_LENGTH() returns 5. If the argument is\nNULL, it returns NULL.\n\nIf the argument is not a string value, it is converted into a string.\n\nIt is synonymous with the CHARACTER_LENGTH() function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'MariaDB\');\n+------------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'MariaDB\') |\n+------------------------+\n|                      7 |\n+------------------------+\n\nWhen Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            2 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            1 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/char_length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/char_length/'),(636,'CHR',36,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.1\n----------------------------\nThe CHR() function was introduced in MariaDB 10.3.1 to provide Oracle\ncompatibility\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nCHR(N)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCHR() interprets each argument N as an integer and returns a VARCHAR(1) string\nconsisting of the character given by the code values of the integer. The\ncharacter set and collation of the string are set according to the values of\nthe character_set_database and collation_database system variables.\n\nCHR() is similar to the CHAR() function, but only accepts a single argument.\n\nCHR() is available in all sql_modes.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CHR(67);\n+---------+\n| CHR(67) |\n+---------+\n| C       |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT CHR(\'67\');\n+-----------+\n| CHR(\'67\') |\n+-----------+\n| C         |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT CHR(\'C\');\n+----------+\n| CHR(\'C\') |\n+----------+\n|          |\n+----------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.000 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: \'C\' |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/chr/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/chr/'),(637,'CONCAT',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCONCAT(str1,str2,...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. May have one\nor more arguments. If all arguments are non-binary strings, the result is a\nnon-binary string. If the arguments include any binary strings, the result is\na binary string. A numeric argument is converted to its equivalent binary\nstring form; if you want to avoid that, you can use an explicit type cast, as\nin this example:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(CAST(int_col AS CHAR), char_col);\n\nCONCAT() returns NULL if any argument is NULL.\n\nA NULL parameter hides all information contained in other parameters from the\nresult. Sometimes this is not desirable; to avoid this, you can:\n\n* Use the CONCAT_WS() function with an empty separator, because that function\nis NULL-safe.\n* Use IFNULL() to turn NULLs into empty strings.\n\nOracle Mode\n-----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3\n--------------------------\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3, CONCAT ignores NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', \'DB\');\n+---------------------------+\n| CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', \'DB\') |\n+---------------------------+\n| MariaDB                   |\n+---------------------------+\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', NULL, \'DB\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', NULL, \'DB\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n| NULL                            |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nSELECT CONCAT(42.0);\n+--------------+\n| CONCAT(42.0) |\n+--------------+\n| 42.0         |\n+--------------+\n\nUsing IFNULL() to handle NULLs:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'The value of @v is: \', IFNULL(@v, \'\'));\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| CONCAT(\'The value of @v is: \', IFNULL(@v, \'\')) |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| The value of @v is:                            |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode, from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', NULL, \'DB\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', NULL, \'DB\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n| MariaDB                         |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concat/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concat/'),(638,'CONCAT_WS',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCONCAT_WS() stands for Concatenate With Separator and is a special form of\nCONCAT(). The first argument is the separator for the rest of the arguments.\nThe separator is added between the strings to be concatenated. The separator\ncan be a string, as can the rest of the arguments.\n\nIf the separator is NULL, the result is NULL; all other NULL values are\nskipped. This makes CONCAT_WS() suitable when you want to concatenate some\nvalues and avoid losing all information if one of them is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CONCAT_WS(\',\',\'First name\',\'Second name\',\'Last Name\');\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| CONCAT_WS(\',\',\'First name\',\'Second name\',\'Last Name\') |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| First name,Second name,Last Name                      |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT CONCAT_WS(\'-\',\'Floor\',NULL,\'Room\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| CONCAT_WS(\'-\',\'Floor\',NULL,\'Room\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n| Floor-Room                         |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nIn some cases, remember to include a space in the separator string:\n\nSET @a = \'gnu\', @b = \'penguin\', @c = \'sea lion\';\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nSELECT CONCAT_WS(\', \', @a, @b, @c);\n+-----------------------------+\n| CONCAT_WS(\', \', @a, @b, @c) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| gnu, penguin, sea lion      |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nUsing CONCAT_WS() to handle NULLs:\n\nSET @a = \'a\', @b = NULL, @c = \'c\';\n\nSELECT CONCAT_WS(\'\', @a, @b, @c);\n+---------------------------+\n| CONCAT_WS(\'\', @a, @b, @c) |\n+---------------------------+\n| ac                        |\n+---------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concat_ws/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concat_ws/'),(639,'CONVERT',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCONVERT(expr,type), CONVERT(expr USING transcoding_name)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe	CONVERT() and CAST() functions take a value of one type and produce a\nvalue of another type.\n\nThe type can be one of the following values:\n\n* BINARY\n* CHAR\n* DATE\n* DATETIME\n* DECIMAL[(M[,D])]\n* DOUBLE\n* FLOAT (from MariaDB 10.4.5)\n* INTEGER\nShort for SIGNED INTEGER\n\n* SIGNED [INTEGER]\n* UNSIGNED [INTEGER]\n* TIME\n* VARCHAR (in Oracle mode, from MariaDB 10.3)\n\nNote that in MariaDB, INT and INTEGER are the same thing.\n\nBINARY produces a string with the BINARY data type. If the optional length is\ngiven, BINARY(N) causes the cast to use no more than N bytes of the argument.\nValues shorter than the given number in bytes are padded with 0x00 bytes to\nmake them equal the length value.\n\nCHAR(N) causes the cast to use no more than the number of characters given in\nthe argument.\n\nThe main difference between the CAST() and CONVERT() is that\nCONVERT(expr,type) is ODBC syntax while CAST(expr as type) and CONVERT(...\nUSING ...) are SQL92 syntax.\n\nCONVERT() with USING is used to convert data between different character sets.\nIn MariaDB, transcoding names are the same as the corresponding character set\nnames. For example, this statement converts the string \'abc\' in the default\ncharacter set to the corresponding string in the utf8 character set:\n\nSELECT CONVERT(\'abc\' USING utf8);\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT enum_col FROM tbl_name \nORDER BY CAST(enum_col AS CHAR);\n\nConverting a BINARY to string to permit the LOWER function to work:\n\nSET @x = \'AardVark\';\n\nSET @x = BINARY \'AardVark\';\n\nSELECT LOWER(@x), LOWER(CONVERT (@x USING latin1));\n+-----------+----------------------------------+\n| LOWER(@x) | LOWER(CONVERT (@x USING latin1)) |\n+-----------+----------------------------------+\n| AardVark  | aardvark                         |\n+-----------+----------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/convert/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/convert/'),(640,'ELT',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nELT(N, str1[, str2, str3,...])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTakes a numeric argument and a series of string arguments. Returns the string\nthat corresponds to the given numeric position. For instance, it returns str1\nif N is 1, str2 if N is 2, and so on. If the numeric argument is a FLOAT,\nMariaDB rounds it to the nearest INTEGER. If the numeric argument is less than\n1, greater than the total number of arguments, or not a number, ELT() returns\nNULL. It must have at least two arguments.\n\nIt is complementary to the FIELD() function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT ELT(1, \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| ELT(1, \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n| ej                                 |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT ELT(4, \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| ELT(4, \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n| foo                                |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/elt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/elt/'),(641,'EXPORT_SET',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nEXPORT_SET(bits, on, off[, separator[, number_of_bits]])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTakes a minimum of three arguments. Returns a string where each bit in the\ngiven bits argument is returned, with the string values given for on and off.\n\nBits are examined from right to left, (from low-order to high-order bits).\nStrings are added to the result from left to right, separated by a separator\nstring (defaults as \',\'). You can optionally limit the number of bits the\nEXPORT_SET() function examines using the number_of_bits option.\n\nIf any of the arguments are set as NULL, the function returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT EXPORT_SET(5,\'Y\',\'N\',\',\',4);\n+-----------------------------+\n| EXPORT_SET(5,\'Y\',\'N\',\',\',4) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| Y,N,Y,N                     |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT EXPORT_SET(6,\'1\',\'0\',\',\',10);\n+------------------------------+\n| EXPORT_SET(6,\'1\',\'0\',\',\',10) |\n+------------------------------+\n| 0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0          |\n+------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/export_set/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/export_set/'),(642,'EXTRACTVALUE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nEXTRACTVALUE(xml_frag, xpath_expr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe EXTRACTVALUE() function takes two string arguments: a fragment of XML\nmarkup and an XPath expression, (also known as a locator). It returns the text\n(That is, CDDATA), of the first text node which is a child of the element or\nelements matching the XPath expression.\n\nIn cases where a valid XPath expression does not match any text nodes in a\nvalid XML fragment, (including the implicit /text() expression), the\nEXTRACTVALUE() function returns an empty string.\n\nInvalid Arguments\n-----------------\n\nWhen either the XML fragment or the XPath expression is NULL, the\nEXTRACTVALUE() function returns NULL. When the XML fragment is invalid, it\nraises a warning Code 1525:\n\nWarning (Code 1525): Incorrect XML value: \'parse error at line 1 pos 11:\nunexpected END-OF-INPUT\'\n\nWhen the XPath value is invalid, it generates an Error 1105:\n\nERROR 1105 (HY000): XPATH syntax error: \')\'\n\nExplicit text() Expressions\n---------------------------\n\nThis function is the equivalent of performing a match using the XPath\nexpression after appending /text(). In other words:\n\nSELECT\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case>example</case></cases>\', \'/cases/case\')\n  AS \'Base Example\',\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case>example</case></cases>\', \'/cases/case/text()\')\n  AS \'text() Example\';\n+--------------+----------------+\n| Base Example | text() Example |\n+--------------+----------------+\n| example      | example        |\n+--------------+----------------+\n\nCount Matches\n-------------\n\nWhen EXTRACTVALUE() returns multiple matches, it returns the content of the\nfirst child text node of each matching element, in the matched order, as a\nsingle, space-delimited string.\n\nBy design, the EXTRACTVALUE() function makes no distinction between a match on\nan empty element and no match at all. If you need to determine whether no\nmatching element was found in the XML fragment or if an element was found that\ncontained no child text nodes, use the XPath count() function.\n\nFor instance, when looking for a value that exists, but contains no child text\nnodes, you would get a count of the number of matching instances:\n\nSELECT\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case/></cases>\', \'/cases/case\')\n  AS \'Empty Example\',\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case/></cases>\', \'count(/cases/case)\')\n  AS \'count() Example\';\n+---------------+-----------------+\n| Empty Example | count() Example |\n+---------------+-----------------+\n|               |               1 |\n+---------------+-----------------+\n\nAlternatively, when looking for a value that doesn\'t exist, count() returns 0.\n\nSELECT\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case/></cases>\', \'/cases/person\')\n  AS \'No Match Example\',\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case/></cases>\', \'count(/cases/person)\')\n  AS \'count() Example\';\n+------------------+-----------------+\n| No Match Example | count() Example |\n+------------------+-----------------+\n|                  |                0|\n+------------------+-----------------+\n\nMatches\n-------\n\nImportant: The EXTRACTVALUE() function only returns CDDATA. It does not return\ntags that the element might contain or the text that these child elements\ncontain.\n\nSELECT\n\nEXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case>Person<email>x@example.com</email></case></cases>\',\n\'/cases\')\n AS Case;\n+--------+\n| Case   |\n+--------+\n| Person |\n+--------+\n\nNote, in the above example, while the XPath expression matches to the parent\n<case> instance, it does not return the contained <email> tag or its content.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b></a>\', \'/a\')            AS val1,\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b></a>\', \'/a/b\')          AS val2,\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b></a>\', \'//b\')           AS val3,\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b></a>\', \'/b\')            AS val4,\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b><b>eee</b></a>\', \'//b\') AS val5;\n+------+------+------+------+---------+\n| val1 | val2 | val3 | val4 | val5    |\n+------+------+------+------+---------+\n| ccc  | ddd  | ddd  |      | ddd eee |\n+------+------+------+------+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/extractvalue/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/extractvalue/'),(643,'FIELD',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nFIELD(pattern, str1[,str2,...])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the index position of the string or number matching the given pattern.\nReturns 0 in the event that none of the arguments match the pattern. Raises an\nError 1582 if not given at least two arguments.\n\nWhen all arguments given to the FIELD() function are strings, they are treated\nas case-insensitive. When all the arguments are numbers, they are treated as\nnumbers. Otherwise, they are treated as doubles.\n\nIf the given pattern occurs more than once, the	FIELD() function only returns\nthe index of the first instance. If the given pattern is NULL, the function\nreturns 0, as a NULL pattern always fails to match.\n\nThis function is complementary to the ELT() function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT FIELD(\'ej\', \'Hej\', \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\') \n AS \'Field Results\';\n+---------------+\n| Field Results | \n+---------------+\n|             2 |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT FIELD(\'fo\', \'Hej\', \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\')\n AS \'Field Results\';\n+---------------+\n| Field Results | \n+---------------+\n|             0 |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT FIELD(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1) AS \'Field Results\';\n+---------------+\n| Field Results |\n+---------------+\n|             5 |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT FIELD(NULL, 2, 3) AS \'Field Results\';\n+---------------+\n| Field Results |\n+---------------+\n|             0 |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT FIELD(\'fail\') AS \'Field Results\';\nError 1582 (42000): Incorrect parameter count in call\nto native function \'field\'\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/field/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/field/'),(644,'FIND_IN_SET',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nFIND_IN_SET(pattern, strlist)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the index position where the given pattern occurs in a string list.\nThe first argument is the pattern you want to search for. The second argument\nis a string containing comma-separated variables. If the second argument is of\nthe SET data-type, the function is optimized to use bit arithmetic.\n\nIf the pattern does not occur in the string list or if the string list is an\nempty string, the function returns 0. If either argument is NULL, the function\nreturns NULL. The function does not return the correct result if the pattern\ncontains a comma (\",\") character.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT FIND_IN_SET(\'b\',\'a,b,c,d\') AS \"Found Results\";\n+---------------+\n| Found Results |\n+---------------+\n|             2 |\n+---------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/find_in_set/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/find_in_set/'),(645,'FORMAT',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nFORMAT(num, decimal_position[, locale])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nFormats the given number for display as a string, adding separators to\nappropriate position and rounding the results to the given decimal position.\nFor instance, it would format 15233.345 to 15,233.35.\n\nIf the given decimal position is 0, it rounds to return no decimal point or\nfractional part. You can optionally specify a locale value to format numbers\nto the pattern appropriate for the given region.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT FORMAT(1234567890.09876543210, 4) AS \'Format\';\n+--------------------+\n| Format             |\n+--------------------+\n| 1,234,567,890.0988 |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT FORMAT(1234567.89, 4) AS \'Format\';\n+----------------+\n| Format         |\n+----------------+\n| 1,234,567.8900 |\n+----------------+\n\nSELECT FORMAT(1234567.89, 0) AS \'Format\';\n+-----------+\n| Format    |\n+-----------+\n| 1,234,568 |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT FORMAT(123456789,2,\'rm_CH\') AS \'Format\';\n+----------------+\n| Format         |\n+----------------+\n| 123\'456\'789,00 |\n+----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/format/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/format/'),(646,'FROM_BASE64',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nFROM_BASE64(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDecodes the given base-64 encode string, returning the result as a binary\nstring. Returns NULL if the given string is NULL or if it\'s invalid.\n\nIt is the reverse of the TO_BASE64 function.\n\nThere are numerous methods to base-64 encode a string. MariaDB uses the\nfollowing:\n\n* It encodes alphabet value 64 as \'+\'.\n* It encodes alphabet value 63 as \'/\'.\n* It codes output in groups of four printable characters.  Each three byte of\ndata encoded uses four characters.  If the final group is incomplete, it pads\nthe difference with the \'=\' character.\n* It divides long output, adding a new line very 76 characters.\n* In decoding, it recognizes and ignores newlines, carriage returns, tabs and\nspace whitespace characters.\n\nSELECT TO_BASE64(\'Maria\') AS \'Input\';\n+-----------+\n| Input     |\n+-----------+\n| TWFyaWE=  |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT FROM_BASE64(\'TWFyaWE=\') AS \'Output\';\n+--------+\n| Output |\n+--------+\n| Maria  |\n+--------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/from_base64/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/from_base64/'),(647,'HEX',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nHEX(N_or_S)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nIf N_or_S is a number, returns a string representation of the hexadecimal\nvalue of N, where N is a longlong (BIGINT) number. This is equivalent to\nCONV(N,10,16).\n\nIf N_or_S is a string, returns a hexadecimal string representation of N_or_S\nwhere each byte of each character in N_or_S is converted to two hexadecimal\ndigits. If N_or_S is NULL, returns NULL. The inverse of this operation is\nperformed by the UNHEX() function.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nHEX() with an INET6 argument returns a hexadecimal representation of the\nunderlying 16-byte binary string.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT HEX(255);\n+----------+\n| HEX(255) |\n+----------+\n| FF       |\n+----------+\n\nSELECT 0x4D617269614442;\n+------------------+\n| 0x4D617269614442 |\n+------------------+\n| MariaDB          |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(\'MariaDB\');\n+----------------+\n| HEX(\'MariaDB\') |\n+----------------+\n| 4D617269614442 |\n+----------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.0:\n\nSELECT HEX(CAST(\'2001:db8::ff00:42:8329\' AS INET6));\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| HEX(CAST(\'2001:db8::ff00:42:8329\' AS INET6)) |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| 20010DB8000000000000FF0000428329             |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/hex/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/hex/'),(651,'INSERT Function',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nINSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str, with the substring beginning at position pos and len\ncharacters long replaced by the string newstr. Returns the original string if\npos is not within the length of the string. Replaces the rest of the string\nfrom position pos if len is not within the length of the rest of the string.\nReturns NULL if any argument is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT INSERT(\'Quadratic\', 3, 4, \'What\');\n+-----------------------------------+\n| INSERT(\'Quadratic\', 3, 4, \'What\') |\n+-----------------------------------+\n| QuWhattic                         |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT INSERT(\'Quadratic\', -1, 4, \'What\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| INSERT(\'Quadratic\', -1, 4, \'What\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n| Quadratic                          |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT INSERT(\'Quadratic\', 3, 100, \'What\');\n+-------------------------------------+\n| INSERT(\'Quadratic\', 3, 100, \'What\') |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| QuWhat                              |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-function/'),(652,'LENGTH',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLENGTH(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the length of the string str.\n\nIn the default mode, when Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set, the length\nis measured in bytes. In this case, a multi-byte character counts as multiple\nbytes. This means that for a string containing five two-byte characters,\nLENGTH() returns 10, whereas CHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.\n\nWhen running Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3, the length is measured in\ncharacters, and LENGTH is a synonym for CHAR_LENGTH().\n\nIf str is not a string value, it is converted into a string. If str is NULL,\nthe function returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LENGTH(\'MariaDB\');\n+-------------------+\n| LENGTH(\'MariaDB\') |\n+-------------------+\n|                 7 |\n+-------------------+\n\nWhen Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            2 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            1 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/length/'),(653,'LENGTHB',36,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.1\n----------------------------\nIntroduced in MariaDB 10.3.1 as part of the Oracle compatibility enhancements.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nLENGTHB(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nLENGTHB() returns the length of the given string, in bytes. When Oracle mode\nis not set, this is a synonym for LENGTH.\n\nA multi-byte character counts as multiple bytes. This means that for a string\ncontaining five two-byte characters, LENGTHB() returns 10, whereas\nCHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.\n\nIf str is not a string value, it is converted into a string. If str is NULL,\nthe function returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nWhen Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            2 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            1 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lengthb/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lengthb/'),(655,'LOCATE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLOCATE(substr,str), LOCATE(substr,str,pos)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe first syntax returns the position of the first occurrence of substring\nsubstr in string str. The second syntax returns the position of the first\noccurrence of substring substr in string str, starting at position pos.\nReturns 0 if substr is not in str.\n\nLOCATE() performs a case-insensitive search.\n\nIf any argument is NULL, returns NULL.\n\nINSTR() is the same as the two-argument form of LOCATE(), except that the\norder of the arguments is reversed.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LOCATE(\'bar\', \'foobarbar\');\n+----------------------------+\n| LOCATE(\'bar\', \'foobarbar\') |\n+----------------------------+\n|                          4 |\n+----------------------------+\n\nSELECT LOCATE(\'My\', \'Maria\');\n+-----------------------+\n| LOCATE(\'My\', \'Maria\') |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     0 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT LOCATE(\'bar\', \'foobarbar\', 5);\n+-------------------------------+\n| LOCATE(\'bar\', \'foobarbar\', 5) |\n+-------------------------------+\n|                             7 |\n+-------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/locate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/locate/'),(654,'LIKE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nexpr LIKE pat [ESCAPE \'escape_char\']\nexpr NOT LIKE pat [ESCAPE \'escape_char\']\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTests whether expr matches the pattern pat. Returns either 1 (TRUE) or 0\n(FALSE). Both expr and pat may be any valid expression and are evaluated to\nstrings. Patterns may use the following wildcard characters:\n\n* % matches any number of characters, including zero.\n* _ matches any single character.\n\nUse NOT LIKE to test if a string does not match a pattern. This is equivalent\nto using the NOT operator on the entire LIKE expression.\n\nIf either the expression or the pattern is NULL, the result is NULL.\n\nLIKE performs case-insensitive substring matches if the collation for the\nexpression and pattern is case-insensitive. For case-sensitive matches,\ndeclare either argument to use a binary collation using COLLATE, or coerce\neither of them to a BINARY string using CAST. Use SHOW COLLATION to get a list\nof available collations. Collations ending in _bin are case-sensitive.\n\nNumeric arguments are coerced to binary strings.\n\nThe _ wildcard matches a single character, not byte. It will only match a\nmulti-byte character if it is valid in the expression\'s character set. For\nexample, _ will match _utf8\"€\", but it will not match _latin1\"€\" because the\nEuro sign is not a valid latin1 character. If necessary, use CONVERT to use\nthe expression in a different character set.\n\nIf you need to match the characters _ or %, you must escape them. By default,\nyou can prefix the wildcard characters the backslash character \\ to escape\nthem. The backslash is used both to encode special characters like newlines\nwhen a string is parsed as well as to escape wildcards in a pattern after\nparsing. Thus, to match an actual backslash, you sometimes need to\ndouble-escape it as \"\\\\\\\\\".\n\nTo avoid difficulties with the backslash character, you can change the\nwildcard escape character using ESCAPE in a LIKE expression. The argument to\nESCAPE must be a single-character string.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSelect the days that begin with \"T\":\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d VARCHAR(16));\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES \n (\"Monday\"), (\"Tuesday\"), (\"Wednesday\"),\n (\"Thursday\"), (\"Friday\"), (\"Saturday\"), (\"Sunday\");\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d LIKE \"T%\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d LIKE \"T%\";\n+----------+\n| d        |\n+----------+\n| Tuesday  |\n| Thursday |\n+----------+\n\nSelect the days that contain the substring \"es\":\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d LIKE \"%es%\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d LIKE \"%es%\";\n+-----------+\n| d         |\n+-----------+\n| Tuesday   |\n| Wednesday |\n+-----------+\n\nSelect the six-character day names:\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d like \"___day\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d like \"___day\";\n+---------+\n| d       |\n+---------+\n| Monday  |\n| Friday  |\n| Sunday  |\n+---------+\n\nWith the default collations, LIKE is case-insensitive:\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 where d like \"t%\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 where d like \"t%\";\n+----------+\n| d        |\n+----------+\n| Tuesday  |\n| Thursday |\n+----------+\n\nUse COLLATE to specify a binary collation, forcing case-sensitive matches:\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d like \"t%\" COLLATE latin1_bin;\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d like \"t%\" COLLATE latin1_bin;\nEmpty set (0.00 sec)\n\nYou can include functions and operators in the expression to match. Select\ndates based on their day name:\n\nCREATE TABLE t2 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t2 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\nSELECT * FROM t2 WHERE DAYNAME(d) LIKE \"T%\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t2 WHERE DAYNAME(d) LIKE \"T%\";\n+------------------+\n| d                |\n+------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19 |\n+------------------+\n3 rows in set, 7 warnings (0.00 sec)\n\nOptimizing LIKE\n---------------\n\n* MariaDB can use indexes for LIKE on string columns in the case where the\nLIKE doesn\'t start with % or _.\n* Starting from MariaDB 10.0, one can set  the\noptimizer_use_condition_selectivity variable to 5. If this is done, then the\noptimizer will read optimizer_selectivity_sampling_limit rows to calculate the\nselectivity of the LIKE expression before starting to calculate the query\nplan. This can help speed up some LIKE queries by providing the optimizer with\nmore information about your data.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/like/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/like/'),(656,'LOWER',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLOWER(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str with all characters changed to lowercase according to\nthe current character set mapping. The default is latin1 (cp1252 West\nEuropean).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LOWER(\'QUADRATICALLY\');\n+------------------------+\n| LOWER(\'QUADRATICALLY\') |\n+------------------------+\n| quadratically          |\n+------------------------+\n\nLOWER() (and UPPER()) are ineffective when applied to binary strings (BINARY,\nVARBINARY, BLOB). To perform lettercase conversion, CONVERT the string to a\nnon-binary string:\n\nSET @str = BINARY \'North Carolina\';\n\nSELECT LOWER(@str), LOWER(CONVERT(@str USING latin1));\n+----------------+-----------------------------------+\n| LOWER(@str)    | LOWER(CONVERT(@str USING latin1)) |\n+----------------+-----------------------------------+\n| North Carolina | north carolina                    |\n+----------------+-----------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lower/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lower/'),(657,'LPAD',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLPAD(str, len [,padstr])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str, left-padded with the string padstr to a length of len\ncharacters. If str is longer than len, the return value is shortened to len\ncharacters. If padstr is omitted, the LPAD function pads spaces.\n\nPrior to MariaDB 10.3.1, the padstr parameter was mandatory.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty (zero length),\nreturns either an empty string or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with SQL_MODE=Oracle,\nNULL.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed outside of Oracle mode\nby using LPAD_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LPAD(\'hello\',10,\'.\');\n+----------------------+\n| LPAD(\'hello\',10,\'.\') |\n+----------------------+\n| .....hello           |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT LPAD(\'hello\',2,\'.\');\n+---------------------+\n| LPAD(\'hello\',2,\'.\') |\n+---------------------+\n| he                  |\n+---------------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.1, with the pad string defaulting to space.\n\nSELECT LPAD(\'hello\',10);\n+------------------+\n| LPAD(\'hello\',10) |\n+------------------+\n|      hello       |\n+------------------+\n\nOracle mode version from MariaDB 10.3.6:\n\nSELECT LPAD(\'\',0),LPAD_ORACLE(\'\',0);\n+------------+-------------------+\n| LPAD(\'\',0) | LPAD_ORACLE(\'\',0) |\n+------------+-------------------+\n|            | NULL              |\n+------------+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lpad/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lpad/'),(658,'LTRIM',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLTRIM(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str with leading space characters removed.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty, returns either\nan empty string, or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with SQL_MODE=Oracle, NULL.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed outside of Oracle mode\nby using LTRIM_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT QUOTE(LTRIM(\'   MariaDB   \'));\n+-------------------------------+\n| QUOTE(LTRIM(\'   MariaDB   \')) |\n+-------------------------------+\n| \'MariaDB   \'                  |\n+-------------------------------+\n\nOracle mode version from MariaDB 10.3.6:\n\nSELECT LTRIM(\'\'),LTRIM_ORACLE(\'\');\n+-----------+------------------+\n| LTRIM(\'\') | LTRIM_ORACLE(\'\') |\n+-----------+------------------+\n|           | NULL             |\n+-----------+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ltrim/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ltrim/'),(659,'MAKE_SET',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nMAKE_SET(bits,str1,str2,...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a set value (a string containing substrings separated by \",\"\ncharacters) consisting of the strings that have the corresponding bit in bits\nset. str1 corresponds to bit 0, str2 to bit 1, and so on. NULL values in str1,\nstr2, ... are not appended to the result.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT MAKE_SET(1,\'a\',\'b\',\'c\');\n+-------------------------+\n| MAKE_SET(1,\'a\',\'b\',\'c\') |\n+-------------------------+\n| a                       |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKE_SET(1 | 4,\'hello\',\'nice\',\'world\');\n+----------------------------------------+\n| MAKE_SET(1 | 4,\'hello\',\'nice\',\'world\') |\n+----------------------------------------+\n| hello,world                            |\n+----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKE_SET(1 | 4,\'hello\',\'nice\',NULL,\'world\');\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| MAKE_SET(1 | 4,\'hello\',\'nice\',NULL,\'world\') |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| hello                                       |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT QUOTE(MAKE_SET(0,\'a\',\'b\',\'c\'));\n+--------------------------------+\n| QUOTE(MAKE_SET(0,\'a\',\'b\',\'c\')) |\n+--------------------------------+\n| \'\'                             |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/make_set/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/make_set/'),(660,'MATCH AGAINST',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nMATCH (col1,col2,...) AGAINST (expr [search_modifier])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nA special construct used to perform a fulltext search on a fulltext index.\n\nSee Fulltext Index Overview for a full description, and Full-text Indexes for\nmore articles on the topic.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE ft_myisam(copy TEXT,FULLTEXT(copy)) ENGINE=MyISAM;\n\nINSERT INTO ft_myisam(copy) VALUES (\'Once upon a time\'), (\'There was a wicked\nwitch\'), \n (\'Who ate everybody up\');\n\nSELECT * FROM ft_myisam WHERE MATCH(copy) AGAINST(\'wicked\');\n+--------------------------+\n| copy                     |\n+--------------------------+\n| There was a wicked witch |\n+--------------------------+\n\nSELECT id, body, MATCH (title,body) AGAINST\n  (\'Security implications of running MySQL as root\'\n  IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE) AS score\n  FROM articles WHERE MATCH (title,body) AGAINST\n  (\'Security implications of running MySQL as root\'\n  IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE);\n+----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+\n| id | body                                | score           |\n+----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+\n|  4 | 1. Never run mysqld as root. 2. ... | 1.5219271183014 |\n|  6 | When configured properly, MySQL ... | 1.3114095926285 |\n+----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/match-against/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/match-against/'),(663,'OCTET_LENGTH',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nOCTET_LENGTH(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nOCTET_LENGTH() returns the length of the given string, in octets (bytes). This\nis a synonym for LENGTHB(), and, when Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not\nset, a synonym for LENGTH().\n\nA multi-byte character counts as multiple bytes. This means that for a string\ncontaining five two-byte characters, OCTET_LENGTH() returns 10, whereas\nCHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.\n\nIf str is not a string value, it is converted into a string. If str is NULL,\nthe function returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nWhen Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            2 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            1 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/octet_length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/octet_length/'),(671,'RPAD',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nRPAD(str, len [, padstr])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str, right-padded with the string padstr to a length of len\ncharacters. If str is longer than len, the return value is shortened to len\ncharacters. If padstr is omitted, the RPAD function pads spaces.\n\nPrior to MariaDB 10.3.1, the padstr parameter was mandatory.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty (a length of\nzero), returns either an empty string, or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with\nSQL_MODE=Oracle, NULL.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed outside of Oracle mode\nby using RPAD_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT RPAD(\'hello\',10,\'.\');\n+----------------------+\n| RPAD(\'hello\',10,\'.\') |\n+----------------------+\n| hello.....           |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT RPAD(\'hello\',2,\'.\');\n+---------------------+\n| RPAD(\'hello\',2,\'.\') |\n+---------------------+\n| he                  |\n+---------------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.1, with the pad string defaulting to space.\n\nSELECT RPAD(\'hello\',30);\n+--------------------------------+\n| RPAD(\'hello\',30)               |\n+--------------------------------+\n| hello                          |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nOracle mode version from MariaDB 10.3.6:\n\nSELECT RPAD(\'\',0),RPAD_ORACLE(\'\',0);\n+------------+-------------------+\n| RPAD(\'\',0) | RPAD_ORACLE(\'\',0) |\n+------------+-------------------+\n|            | NULL              |\n+------------+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rpad/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rpad/'),(672,'RTRIM',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nRTRIM(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str with trailing space characters removed.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty, returns either\nan empty string, or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with SQL_MODE=Oracle, NULL.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed outside of Oracle mode\nby using RTRIM_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT QUOTE(RTRIM(\'MariaDB    \'));\n+-----------------------------+\n| QUOTE(RTRIM(\'MariaDB    \')) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| \'MariaDB\'                   |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nOracle mode version from MariaDB 10.3.6:\n\nSELECT RTRIM(\'\'),RTRIM_ORACLE(\'\');\n+-----------+------------------+\n| RTRIM(\'\') | RTRIM_ORACLE(\'\') |\n+-----------+------------------+\n|           | NULL             |\n+-----------+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rtrim/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rtrim/'),(673,'SOUNDEX',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nSOUNDEX(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a soundex string from str. Two strings that sound almost the same\nshould have identical soundex strings. A standard soundex string is four\ncharacters long, but the SOUNDEX() function returns an arbitrarily long\nstring. You can use SUBSTRING() on the result to get a standard soundex\nstring. All non-alphabetic characters in str are ignored. All international\nalphabetic characters outside the A-Z range are treated as vowels.\n\nImportant: When using SOUNDEX(), you should be aware of the following details:\n\n* This function, as currently implemented, is intended to work well with\n strings that are in the English language only. Strings in other languages may\n not produce reasonable results.\n\n* This function implements the original Soundex algorithm, not the more\npopular enhanced version (also described by D. Knuth). The difference is that\noriginal version discards vowels first and duplicates second, whereas the\nenhanced version discards duplicates first and vowels second.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSOUNDEX(\'Hello\');\n+------------------+\n| SOUNDEX(\'Hello\') |\n+------------------+\n| H400             |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT SOUNDEX(\'MariaDB\');\n+--------------------+\n| SOUNDEX(\'MariaDB\') |\n+--------------------+\n| M631               |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT SOUNDEX(\'Knowledgebase\');\n+--------------------------+\n| SOUNDEX(\'Knowledgebase\') |\n+--------------------------+\n| K543212                  |\n+--------------------------+\n\nSELECT givenname, surname FROM users WHERE SOUNDEX(givenname) =\nSOUNDEX(\"robert\");\n+-----------+---------+\n| givenname | surname |\n+-----------+---------+\n| Roberto   | Castro  |\n+-----------+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/soundex/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/soundex/'),(676,'STRCMP',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nSTRCMP(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSTRCMP() returns 0 if the strings are the same, -1 if the first argument is\nsmaller than the second according to the current sort order, and 1 if the\nstrings are otherwise not the same. Returns NULL is either argument is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT STRCMP(\'text\', \'text2\');\n+-------------------------+\n| STRCMP(\'text\', \'text2\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                      -1 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT STRCMP(\'text2\', \'text\');\n+-------------------------+\n| STRCMP(\'text2\', \'text\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                       1 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT STRCMP(\'text\', \'text\');\n+------------------------+\n| STRCMP(\'text\', \'text\') |\n+------------------------+\n|                      0 |\n+------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/strcmp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/strcmp/'),(678,'SUBSTRING',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nSUBSTRING(str,pos), \nSUBSTRING(str FROM pos), \nSUBSTRING(str,pos,len),\nSUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)\n\nSUBSTR(str,pos), \nSUBSTR(str FROM pos), \nSUBSTR(str,pos,len),\nSUBSTR(str FROM pos FOR len)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe forms without a len argument return a substring from string str starting\nat position pos.\n\nThe forms with a len argument return a substring len characters long from\nstring str, starting at position pos.\n\nThe forms that use FROM are standard SQL syntax.\n\nIt is also possible to use a negative value for pos. In this case, the\nbeginning of the substring is pos characters from the end of the string,\nrather than the beginning. A negative value may be used for pos in any of the\nforms of this function.\n\nBy default, the position of the first character in the string from which the\nsubstring is to be extracted is reckoned as 1. For Oracle-compatibility, from\nMariaDB 10.3.3, when sql_mode is set to \'oracle\', position zero is treated as\nposition 1 (although the first character is still reckoned as 1).\n\nIf any argument is NULL, returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\',5);\n+------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\',5) |\n+------------------------------+\n| ledgebase                    |\n+------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'MariaDB\' FROM 6);\n+-----------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'MariaDB\' FROM 6) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| DB                          |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\',3,7);\n+--------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\',3,7) |\n+--------------------------------+\n| owledge                        |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\', -4);\n+--------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\', -4) |\n+--------------------------------+\n| base                           |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\', -8, 4);\n+-----------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\', -8, 4) |\n+-----------------------------------+\n| edge                              |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\' FROM -8 FOR 4);\n+------------------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\' FROM -8 FOR 4) |\n+------------------------------------------+\n| edge                                     |\n+------------------------------------------+\n\nOracle mode from MariaDB 10.3.3:\n\nSELECT SUBSTR(\'abc\',0,3);\n+-------------------+\n| SUBSTR(\'abc\',0,3) |\n+-------------------+\n|                   |\n+-------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTR(\'abc\',1,2);\n+-------------------+\n| SUBSTR(\'abc\',1,2) |\n+-------------------+\n| ab                |\n+-------------------+\n\nSET sql_mode=\'oracle\';\n\nSELECT SUBSTR(\'abc\',0,3);\n+-------------------+\n| SUBSTR(\'abc\',0,3) |\n+-------------------+\n| abc               |\n+-------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTR(\'abc\',1,2);\n+-------------------+\n| SUBSTR(\'abc\',1,2) |\n+-------------------+\n| ab                |\n+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/substring/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/substring/'),(679,'SUBSTRING_INDEX',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nSUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the substring from string str before count occurrences of the\ndelimiter delim. If count is positive, everything to the left of the final\ndelimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is negative,\neverything to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is\nreturned. SUBSTRING_INDEX() performs a case-sensitive match when searching for\ndelim.\n\nIf any argument is NULL, returns NULL.\n\nFor example\n\nSUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', 2)\n\nmeans \"Return all of the characters up to the 2nd occurrence of .\"\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', 2);\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', 2) |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| www.mariadb                                |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', -2);\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', -2) |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| mariadb.org                                 |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/substring_index/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/substring_index/'),(680,'TO_BASE64',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nTO_BASE64(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nConverts the string argument str to its base-64 encoded form, returning the\nresult as a character string in the connection character set and collation.\n\nThe argument str will be converted to string first if it is not a string. A\nNULL argument will return a NULL result.\n\nThe reverse function, FROM_BASE64(), decodes an encoded base-64 string.\n\nThere are a numerous different methods to base-64 encode a string. The\nfollowing are used by MariaDB and MySQL:\n\n* Alphabet value 64 is encoded as \'+\'.\n* Alphabet value 63 is encoded as \'/\'.\n* Encoding output is made up of groups of four printable characters, with each\nthree bytes of data encoded using four characters. If the final group is not\ncomplete, it is padded with \'=\' characters to make up a length of four.\n* To divide long output, a newline is added after every 76 characters.\n* Decoding will recognize and ignore newlines, carriage returns, tabs, and\nspaces.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TO_BASE64(\'Maria\');\n+--------------------+\n| TO_BASE64(\'Maria\') |\n+--------------------+\n| TWFyaWE=           |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_base64/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_base64/'),(681,'TO_CHAR',36,'MariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nThe TO_CHAR function was introduced in MariaDB 10.6.1 to enhance Oracle\ncompatibility.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nTO_CHAR(expr[, fmt])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe TO_CHAR function converts an expr of type date, datetime, time or\ntimestamp to a string. The optional fmt argument supports\nYYYY/YYY/YY/RRRR/RR/MM/MON/MONTH/MI/DD/DY/HH/HH12/HH24/SS and special\ncharacters. The default value is \"YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\".\n\nIn Oracle, TO_CHAR can also be used to convert numbers to strings, but this is\nnot supported in MariaDB and will give an error.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'1980-01-11 04:50:39\', \'YYYY-MM-DD\');\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'1980-01-11 04:50:39\', \'YYYY-MM-DD\') |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| 1980-01-11                                   |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'1980-01-11 04:50:39\', \'HH24-MI-SS\');\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'1980-01-11 04:50:39\', \'HH24-MI-SS\') |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| 04-50-39                                     |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'00-01-01 00:00:00\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'00-01-01 00:00:00\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 00-01-01 00:00:00                                   |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'99-12-31 23:59:59\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'99-12-31 23:59:59\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 99-12-31 23:59:59                                   |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'9999-12-31 23:59:59\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\');\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'9999-12-31 23:59:59\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\') |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| 99-12-31 23:59:59                                     |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'21-01-03 08:30:00\', \'Y-MONTH-DY HH:MI:SS\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'21-01-03 08:30:00\', \'Y-MONTH-DY HH:MI:SS\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 1-January  -Sun 08:30:00                            |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_char/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_char/'),(682,'TRIM',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nTRIM([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [remstr] FROM] str), TRIM([remstr FROM] str)\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.6\n\nTRIM_ORACLE([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [remstr] FROM] str), TRIM([remstr\nFROM] str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str with all remstr prefixes or suffixes removed. If none\nof the specifiers BOTH, LEADING, or TRAILING is given, BOTH is assumed. remstr\nis optional and, if not specified, spaces are removed.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty, returns either\nan empty string, or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with SQL_MODE=Oracle, NULL.\nSQL_MODE=Oracle is not set by default.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed in any mode by using\nTRIM_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TRIM(\'  bar   \')\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nTRIM(\'  bar   \'): bar\n\nSELECT TRIM(LEADING \'x\' FROM \'xxxbarxxx\')\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nTRIM(LEADING \'x\' FROM \'xxxbarxxx\'): barxxx\n\nSELECT TRIM(BOTH \'x\' FROM \'xxxbarxxx\')\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nTRIM(BOTH \'x\' FROM \'xxxbarxxx\'): bar\n\nSELECT TRIM(TRAILING \'xyz\' FROM \'barxxyz\')\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nTRIM(TRAILING \'xyz\' FROM \'barxxyz\'): barx\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.6, with SQL_MODE=Oracle not set:\n\nSELECT TRIM(\'\'),TRIM_ORACLE(\'\');\n+----------+-----------------+\n| TRIM(\'\') | TRIM_ORACLE(\'\') |\n+----------+-----------------+\n|          | NULL            |\n+----------+-----------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.6, with SQL_MODE=Oracle set:\n\nSELECT TRIM(\'\'),TRIM_ORACLE(\'\');\n+----------+-----------------+\n| TRIM(\'\') | TRIM_ORACLE(\'\') |\n+----------+-----------------+\n| NULL     | NULL            |\n+----------+-----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/trim/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/trim/'),(684,'UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nUNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(compressed_string)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the length that the compressed string had before being compressed with\nCOMPRESS().\n\nUNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH() returns NULL or an incorrect result if the string is not\ncompressed.\n\nUntil MariaDB 10.3.1, returns MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG, or bigint(10), in all\ncases. From MariaDB 10.3.1, returns MYSQL_TYPE_LONG, or int(10), when the\nresult would fit within 32-bits.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',30)));\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',30))) |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n|                                            30 |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/uncompressed_length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/uncompressed_length/'),(685,'UNHEX',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nUNHEX(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPerforms the inverse operation of HEX(str). That is, it interprets each pair\nof hexadecimal digits in the argument as a number and converts it to the\ncharacter represented by the number. The resulting characters are returned as\na binary string.\n\nIf str is NULL, UNHEX() returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT HEX(\'MariaDB\');\n+----------------+\n| HEX(\'MariaDB\') |\n+----------------+\n| 4D617269614442 |\n+----------------+\n\nSELECT UNHEX(\'4D617269614442\');\n+-------------------------+\n| UNHEX(\'4D617269614442\') |\n+-------------------------+\n| MariaDB                 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT 0x4D617269614442;\n+------------------+\n| 0x4D617269614442 |\n+------------------+\n| MariaDB          |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT UNHEX(HEX(\'string\'));\n+----------------------+\n| UNHEX(HEX(\'string\')) |\n+----------------------+\n| string               |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(UNHEX(\'1267\'));\n+--------------------+\n| HEX(UNHEX(\'1267\')) |\n+--------------------+\n| 1267               |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/unhex/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/unhex/'),(686,'UPDATEXML',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nUpdateXML(xml_target, xpath_expr, new_xml)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis function replaces a single portion of a given fragment of XML markup\nxml_target with a new XML fragment new_xml, and then returns the changed XML.\nThe portion of xml_target that is replaced matches an XPath expression\nxpath_expr supplied by the user. If no expression matching xpath_expr is\nfound, or if multiple matches are found, the function returns the original\nxml_target XML fragment. All three arguments should be strings.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'/a\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val1,\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'/b\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val2,\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'//b\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val3,\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'/a/d\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val4,\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><d></d><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'/a/d\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val5\n  \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nval1: <e>fff</e>\nval2: <a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\nval3: <a><e>fff</e><d></d></a>\nval4: <a><b>ccc</b><e>fff</e></a>\nval5: <a><d></d><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/updatexml/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/updatexml/'),(693,'ALTER EVENT',38,'Modifies one or more characteristics of an existing event.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nALTER\n  [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]\n  EVENT event_name\n  [ON SCHEDULE schedule]\n  [ON COMPLETION [NOT] PRESERVE]\n  [RENAME TO new_event_name]\n  [ENABLE | DISABLE | DISABLE ON SLAVE]\n  [COMMENT \'comment\']\n  [DO sql_statement]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe ALTER EVENT statement is used to change one or more of the characteristics\nof an existing event without the need to drop and recreate it. The syntax for\neach of the DEFINER, ON SCHEDULE, ON COMPLETION, COMMENT, ENABLE / DISABLE,\nand DO clauses is exactly the same as when used with CREATE EVENT.\n\nThis statement requires the EVENT privilege. When a user executes a successful\nALTER EVENT statement, that user becomes the definer for the affected event.\n\n(In MySQL 5.1.11 and earlier, an event could be altered only by its definer,\nor by a user having the SUPER privilege.)\n\nALTER EVENT works only with an existing event:\n\nALTER EVENT no_such_event ON SCHEDULE EVERY \'2:3\' DAY_HOUR;\nERROR 1539 (HY000): Unknown event \'no_such_event\'\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nALTER EVENT myevent \n ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 2 HOUR\n DO\n  UPDATE myschema.mytable SET mycol = mycol + 1;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-event/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-event/'),(694,'ALTER FUNCTION',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nALTER FUNCTION func_name [characteristic ...]\n\ncharacteristic:\n  { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }\n | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }\n | COMMENT \'string\'\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement can be used to change the characteristics of a stored function.\nMore than one change may be specified in an ALTER FUNCTION statement. However,\nyou cannot change the parameters or body of a stored function using this\nstatement; to make such changes, you must drop and re-create the function\nusing DROP FUNCTION and CREATE FUNCTION.\n\nYou must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the function. (That privilege is\ngranted automatically to the function creator.) If binary logging is enabled,\nthe ALTER FUNCTION statement might also require the SUPER privilege, as\ndescribed in Binary Logging of Stored Routines.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nALTER FUNCTION hello SQL SECURITY INVOKER;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-function/'),(688,'WEIGHT_STRING',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nWEIGHT_STRING(str [AS {CHAR|BINARY}(N)] [LEVEL levels] [flags])\n levels: N [ASC|DESC|REVERSE] [, N [ASC|DESC|REVERSE]] ...\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a binary string representing the string\'s sorting and comparison\nvalue. A string with a lower result means that for sorting purposes the string\nappears before a string with a higher result.\n\nWEIGHT_STRING() is particularly useful when adding new collations, for testing\npurposes.\n\nIf str is a non-binary string (CHAR, VARCHAR or TEXT), WEIGHT_STRING returns\nthe string\'s collation weight. If str is a binary string (BINARY, VARBINARY or\nBLOB), the return value is simply the input value, since the weight for each\nbyte in a binary string is the byte value.\n\nWEIGHT_STRING() returns NULL if given a NULL input.\n\nThe optional AS clause permits casting the input string to a binary or\nnon-binary string, as well as to a particular length.\n\nAS BINARY(N) measures the length in bytes rather than characters, and right\npads with 0x00 bytes to the desired length.\n\nAS CHAR(N) measures the length in characters, and right pads with spaces to\nthe desired length.\n\nN has a minimum value of 1, and if it is less than the length of the input\nstring, the string is truncated without warning.\n\nThe optional LEVEL clause specifies that the return value should contain\nweights for specific collation levels. The levels specifier can either be a\nsingle integer, a comma-separated list of integers, or a range of integers\nseparated by a dash (whitespace is ignored). Integers can range from 1 to a\nmaximum of 6, dependent on the collation, and need to be listed in ascending\norder.\n\nIf the LEVEL clause is no provided, a default of 1 to the maximum for the\ncollation is assumed.\n\nIf the LEVEL is specified without using a range, an optional modifier is\npermitted.\n\nASC, the default, returns the weights without any modification.\n\nDESC returns bitwise-inverted weights.\n\nREVERSE returns the weights in reverse order.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nThe examples below use the HEX() function to represent non-printable results\nin hexadecimal format.\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\'));\n+-------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\')) |\n+-------------------------+\n| 0058                    |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\' AS BINARY(4)));\n+--------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\' AS BINARY(4))) |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| 78000000                             |\n+--------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\' AS CHAR(4)));\n+------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\' AS CHAR(4))) |\n+------------------------------------+\n| 0058002000200020                   |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1));\n+--------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1)) |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| AA22EE                               |\n+--------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1 DESC));\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1 DESC)) |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| 55DD11                                    |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1 REVERSE));\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1 REVERSE)) |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| EE22AA                                       |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weight_string/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weight_string/'),(696,'ALTER PROCEDURE',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nALTER PROCEDURE proc_name [characteristic ...]\n\ncharacteristic:\n  { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }\n | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }\n | COMMENT \'string\'\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement can be used to change the characteristics of a stored\nprocedure. More than one change may be specified in an ALTER PROCEDURE\nstatement. However, you cannot change the parameters or body of a stored\nprocedure using this statement. To make such changes, you must drop and\nre-create the procedure using either CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE (since\nMariaDB 10.1.3) or DROP PROCEDURE and CREATE PROCEDURE (MariaDB 10.1.2 and\nbefore).\n\nYou must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the procedure. By default, that\nprivilege is granted automatically to the procedure creator. See Stored\nRoutine Privileges.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nALTER PROCEDURE simpleproc SQL SECURITY INVOKER;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-procedure/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-procedure/'),(699,'ALTER VIEW',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nALTER\n  [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}]\n  [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]\n  [SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }]\n  VIEW view_name [(column_list)]\n  AS select_statement\n  [WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement changes the definition of a view, which must exist. The syntax\nis similar to that for CREATE VIEW and the effect is the same as for CREATE OR\nREPLACE VIEW if the view exists. This statement requires the CREATE VIEW and\nDROP privileges for the view, and some privilege for each column referred to\nin the SELECT statement. ALTER VIEW is allowed only to the definer or users\nwith the SUPER privilege.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nALTER VIEW v AS SELECT a, a*3 AS a2 FROM t;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-view/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-view/'),(689,'Type Conversion',36,'Implicit type conversion takes place when MariaDB is using operands or\ndifferent types, in order to make the operands compatible.\n\nIt is best practice not to rely upon implicit conversion; rather use CAST to\nexplicitly convert types.\n\nRules for Conversion on Comparison\n----------------------------------\n\n* If  either argument is NULL, the result of the comparison is NULL unless the\nNULL-safe <=> equality comparison operator is used.\n* If both arguments are integers, they are compared as integers.\n* If both arguments are strings, they are compared as strings.\n* If one argument is decimal and the other argument is decimal or integer,\nthey are compared as decimals.\n* If one argument is decimal and the other argument is a floating point, they\nare compared as floating point values.\n* If one argument is string and the other argument is integer, they are\ncompared as decimals. This conversion was added in MariaDB 10.3.36. Prior to\n10.3.36, this combination was compared as floating point values, which did not\nalways work well for huge 64-bit integers because of a possible precision loss\non conversion to double.\n* If a hexadecimal argument is not compared to a number, it is treated as a\nbinary string.\n* If a constant is compared to a TIMESTAMP or DATETIME, the constant is\nconverted to a timestamp, unless used as an argument to the IN function.\n* In other cases, arguments are compared as floating point, or real, numbers.\n\nNote that if a string column is being compared with a numeric value, MariaDB\nwill not use the index on the column, as there are numerous alternatives that\nmay evaluate as equal (see examples below).\n\nComparison Examples\n-------------------\n\nConverting a string to a number:\n\nSELECT 15+\'15\';\n+---------+\n| 15+\'15\' |\n+---------+\n|      30 |\n+---------+\n\nConverting a number to a string:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(15,\'15\');\n+-----------------+\n| CONCAT(15,\'15\') |\n+-----------------+\n| 1515            |\n+-----------------+\n\nFloating point number errors:\n\nSELECT \'9746718491924563214\' = 9746718491924563213;\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| \'9746718491924563214\' = 9746718491924563213 |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n|                                           1 |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n\nNumeric equivalence with strings:\n\nSELECT \'5\' = 5;\n+---------+\n| \'5\' = 5 |\n+---------+\n|       1 |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT \'   5\' = 5;\n+------------+\n| \'   5\' = 5 |\n+------------+\n|          1 |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT \'   5  \' = 5;\n+--------------+\n| \'   5  \' = 5 |\n+--------------+\n|            1 |\n+--------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.000 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+--------------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                                    |\n+-------+------+--------------------------------------------+\n| Note  | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: \'   5  \' |\n+-------+------+--------------------------------------------+\n\nAs a result of the above, MariaDB cannot use the index when comparing a string\nwith a numeric value in the example below:\n\nCREATE TABLE t (a VARCHAR(10), b VARCHAR(10), INDEX idx_a (a));\n\nINSERT INTO t VALUES \n (\'1\', \'1\'), (\'2\', \'2\'), (\'3\', \'3\'),\n (\'4\', \'4\'), (\'5\', \'5\'), (\'1\', \'5\');\n\nEXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = \'3\' \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     id: 1\n select_type: SIMPLE\n    table: t\n    type: ref\npossible_keys: idx_a\n     key: idx_a\n   key_len: 13\n     ref: const\n    rows: 1\n    Extra: Using index condition\n\nEXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = 3 \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     id: 1\n select_type: SIMPLE\n    table: t\n    type: ALL\npossible_keys: idx_a\n     key: NULL\n   key_len: NULL\n     ref: NULL\n    rows: 6\n    Extra: Using where\n\nRules for Conversion on Dyadic Arithmetic Operations\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nImplicit type conversion also takes place on dyadic arithmetic operations\n(+,-,*,/). MariaDB chooses the minimum data type that is guaranteed to fit the\nresult and converts both arguments to the result data type.\n\nFor addition (+), subtraction (-) and multiplication (*), the result data type\nis chosen as follows:\n\n* If either of the arguments is an approximate number (float, double), the\nresult is double.\n* If either of the arguments is a string (char, varchar, text), the result is\ndouble.\n* If either of the arguments is a decimal number, the result is decimal.\n* If either of the arguments is of a temporal type with a non-zero fractional\nsecond precision (time(N), datetime(N), timestamp(N)), the result is decimal.\n* If either of the arguments is of a temporal type with a zero fractional\nsecond precision (time(0), date, datetime(0), timestamp(0)), the result may\nvary between int, int unsigned, bigint or bigint unsigned, depending on the\nexact data type combination.\n* If both arguments are integer numbers (tinyint, smallint, mediumint,\nbigint), the result may vary between int, int unsigned, bigint or bigint\nunsigned, depending of the exact data types and their signs.\n\nFor division (/), the result data type is chosen as follows:\n\n* If either of the arguments is an approximate number (float, double), the\nresult is double.\n* If either of the arguments is a string (char, varchar, text), the result is\ndouble.\n* Otherwise, the result is decimal.\n\nArithmetic Examples\n-------------------\n\nNote, the above rules mean that when an argument of a temporal data type\nappears in addition or subtraction, it\'s treated as a number by default.\n\nSELECT TIME\'10:20:30\' + 1;\n+--------------------+\n| TIME\'10:20:30\' + 1 |\n+--------------------+\n|             102031 |\n+--------------------+\n\nIn order to do temporal addition or subtraction instead, use the DATE_ADD() or\nDATE_SUB() functions, or an INTERVAL expression as the second argument:\n\nSELECT TIME\'10:20:30\' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND;\n+------------------------------------+\n| TIME\'10:20:30\' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND |\n+------------------------------------+\n| 10:20:31                           |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT \"2.2\" + 3;\n+-----------+\n| \"2.2\" + 3 |\n+-----------+\n|       5.2 |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT 2.2 + 3;\n+---------+\n| 2.2 + 3 |\n+---------+\n| 5.2     |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT 2.2 / 3;\n+---------+\n| 2.2 / 3 |\n+---------+\n| 0.73333 |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT \"2.2\" / 3;\n+--------------------+\n| \"2.2\" / 3          |\n+--------------------+\n| 0.7333333333333334 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/type-conversion/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/type-conversion/'),(692,'ALTER DATABASE',38,'Modifies a database, changing its overall characteristics.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [db_name]\n  alter_specification ...\nALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA} db_name\n  UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME\n\nalter_specification:\n  [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name\n | [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name\n | COMMENT [=] \'comment\'\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nALTER DATABASE enables you to change the overall characteristics of a\ndatabase. These characteristics are stored in the db.opt file in the database\ndirectory. To use ALTER DATABASE, you need the ALTER privilege on the\ndatabase. ALTER SCHEMA is a synonym for ALTER DATABASE.\n\nThe CHARACTER SET clause changes the default database character set. The\nCOLLATE clause changes the default database collation. See Character Sets and\nCollations for more.\n\nYou can see what character sets and collations are available using,\nrespectively, the SHOW CHARACTER SET and SHOW COLLATION statements.\n\nChanging the default character set/collation of a database does not change the\ncharacter set/collation of any stored procedures or stored functions that were\npreviously created, and relied on the defaults. These need to be dropped and\nrecreated in order to apply the character set/collation changes.\n\nThe database name can be omitted from the first syntax, in which case the\nstatement applies to the default database.\n\nThe syntax that includes the UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME clause was added in\nMySQL 5.1.23. It updates the name of the directory associated with the\ndatabase to use the encoding implemented in MySQL 5.1 for mapping database\nnames to database directory names (see Identifier to File Name Mapping). This\nclause is for use under these conditions:\n\n* It is intended when upgrading MySQL to 5.1 or later from older versions.\n* It is intended to update a database directory name to the current encoding\nformat if the name contains special characters that need encoding.\n* The statement is used by mysqlcheck (as invoked by mysql_upgrade).\n\nFor example,if a database in MySQL 5.0 has a name of a-b-c, the name contains\ninstance of the `-\' character. In 5.0, the database directory is also named\na-b-c, which is not necessarily safe for all file systems. In MySQL 5.1 and\nup, the same database name is encoded as a@002db@002dc to produce a file\nsystem-neutral directory name.\n\nWhen a MySQL installation is upgraded to MySQL 5.1 or later from an older\nversion,the server displays a name such as a-b-c (which is in the old format)\nas #mysql50#a-b-c, and you must refer to the name using the #mysql50# prefix.\nUse UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME in this case to explicitly tell the server to\nre-encode the database directory name to the current encoding format:\n\nALTER DATABASE `#mysql50#a-b-c` UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME;\n\nAfter executing this statement, you can refer to the database as a-b-c without\nthe special #mysql50# prefix.\n\nCOMMENT\n-------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.0, it is possible to add a comment of a maximum of 1024\nbytes. If the comment length exceeds this length, a error/warning code 4144 is\nthrown. The database comment is also added to the db.opt file, as well as to\nthe information_schema.schemata table.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nALTER DATABASE test CHARACTER SET=\'utf8\'  COLLATE=\'utf8_bin\';\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.0:\n\nALTER DATABASE p COMMENT=\'Presentations\';\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-database/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-database/'),